ÇáãÛäí áÇÈä ÞÏÇãÉ

 [ÈóÇÈ ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö]
ö æóåöíó æóÇÌöÈóÉñ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÒóßóÇÉö. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóßúäöÒõæäó ÇáÐøóåóÈó æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉó æóáÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäóåóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÝóÈóÔøöÑúåõãú ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò} [ÇáÊæÈÉ: 34] . æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì. æóáóÇ íõÊóæóÚøóÏõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉö ÅáøóÇ Úóáóì ÊóÑúßö æóÇÌöÈò
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ ÝóãóÇ Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÇ ãöäú ÕóÇÍöÈö ÐóåóÈò æóáóÇ ÝöÖøóÉò áóÇ íõÄóÏøöí ãöäúåóÇ ÍóÞøóåóÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÕõÝøöÍóÊú áóåõ ÕóÝóÇÆöÍó ãöäú äóÇÑò¡ ÝóÃõÍúãöíó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí äóÇÑö Ìóåóäøóãó¡ Ýóíõßúæóì ÈöåóÇ ÌóäúÈõåõ æóÌóÈúåóÊõåõ æóÙóåúÑõåõ¡ ßõáøóãóÇ ÈóÑóÏóÊú ÃõÚöíÏóÊú Úóáóíúåö¡ Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÞúÖöíó Çááøóåõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö» ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãõÓúáöãñ.
æóÑóæóì ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÃóäóÓò: «æóÝöí ÇáÑøöÞóÉö ÑõÈúÚõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ÅáøóÇ ÊöÓúÚöíäó æóãöÇÆóÉð¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ÝöíåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõåóÇ» . æóÇáÑøöÞóÉõ: åöíó ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãõ ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈóÉõ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓö ÃóæóÇÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ýöí ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò ÎóãúÓóÉó ÏóÑóÇåöãó¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÐøóåóÈó ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ¡ æóÞöíãóÊõåõ ãöÇÆóÊóÇ ÏöÑúåóãò¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÊóÌöÈú Ýöíåö¡ ÅáøóÇ ãóÇ ÇõÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö Úóäú ÇáúÍóÓóäö.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ äöÕóÇÈó ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö]
(1878) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö: (æóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáúãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ýöí ãöáúßöåö ÐóåóÈñ Ãóæú ÚõÑõæÖñ áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóíõÊöãøõ Èöåö) æóÌõãúáóÉõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó äöÕóÇÈó ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ãöÇÆóÊóÇ ÏöÑúåóãò¡ áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó Èóíúäó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäóÊúåõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÑóæóíúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÍóãúÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãõ ÇáøóÊöí íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ åöíó ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãõ ÇáøóÊöí ßõáøõ ÚóÔóÑóÉò ãöäúåóÇ æóÒúäõ ÓóÈúÚóÉö ãóËóÇÞöíáó ÈöãöËúÞóÇáö ÇáÐøóåóÈö¡ æóßõáøõ ÏöÑúåóãò äöÕúÝõ ãöËúÞóÇáò æóÎõãúÓõåõ¡ æóåöíó ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÞóÏøóÑõ ÈöåóÇ äõÕõÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóãöÞúÏóÇÑõ ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö¡ æóÇáÏøöíóÇÊõ¡ æóäöÕóÇÈõ ÇáúÞóØúÚö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉö¡ æóÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó.
æóßóÇäóÊú ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãõ Ýöí ÕóÏúÑö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÕöäúÝóíúäö¡ ÓõæÏðÇ¡ æóØóÈóÑöíøóÉð¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÇáÓøõæÏõ ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÏóæóÇäöíÞó¡ æóÇáØøóÈóÑöíøóÉõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÏóæóÇäöíÞó¡ ÝóÌõãöÚóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÌõÚöáóÇ ÏöÑúåóãóíúäö ãõÊóÓóÇæöíóíúäö¡ Ýöí ßõáøö ÏöÑúåóãò ÓöÊøóÉõ ÏóæóÇäöíÞó¡ ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó Èóäõæ ÃõãóíøóÉó¡ ÝóÇÌúÊóãóÚóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóæúÌõåò:

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ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÚóÔóÑóÉò æóÒúäõ ÓóÈúÚóÉò. æóÇáËøóÇäöí¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÏúáñ Èóíúäó ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö æóÇáúßóÈöíÑö. æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ãõæóÇÝöÞñ áöÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÏöÑúåóãöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóÑó Èöåö ÇáúãóÞóÇÏöíÑó ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉó. æóáóÇ ÝóÑúÞó Ýöí Ðóáößó Èóíúäó ÇáÊøöÈúÑö æóÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈö.
æóãóÊóì äóÞóÕó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ Úóäú Ðóáößó ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáäøóÞúÕõ ßóËöíÑðÇ Ãóæú íóÓöíÑðÇ. åóÐóÇ ÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö¡ æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÇÈúäö ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö áöÙóÇåöÑö Þóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓö ÃóæóÇÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóÇáúÃõæÞöíøóÉõ ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ. ÈöÛóíúÑö ÎöáóÇÝò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò.
æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöäóÇ: Åäú ßóÇäó ÇáäøóÞúÕõ íóÓöíÑðÇ¡ ßóÇáúÍóÈøóÉö æóÇáúÍóÈøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÌóÈóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõº áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÖúÈóØõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ßóäóÞúÕö ÇáúÍóæúáö ÓóÇÚóÉð Ãóæú ÓóÇÚóÊóíúäö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó äóÞúÕðÇ ÈóíøöäðÇ¡ ßóÇáÏøóÇäóÞö æóÇáÏøóÇäóÞóíúäö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö. æóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó. Ãóäøó äöÕóÇÈó ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÅÐóÇ äóÞóÕó ËõáõËó ãöËúÞóÇáò ÒóßøóÇåõ. æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóÓõÝúíóÇäó. æóÅöäú äóÞóÕó äöÕúÝðÇ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: ÅÐóÇ äóÞóÕó ËõãúäðÇ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö. ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò. æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: ÅÐóÇ äóÞóÕóÊú äóÞúÕðÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÌóæóÇÒó ÇáúæóÇÒöäóÉö¡ æóÌóÈóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÌõæÒó ÌóæóÇÒó ÇáúæóÇÒöäóÉö¡ ÃóÔúÈóåóÊú ÇáúæóÇÒöäóÉó. æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑö¡ ÝóíóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú áóÇ íóÚúÏöáó Úóäúåõ. ÝóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: " ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ýöí ãöáúßöåö ÐóåóÈñ Ãóæú ÚõÑõæÖñ áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ÝóíõÊöãøõ Èöåö ".
ÝóÅöäøó ÚõÑõæÖó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ÊõÖóãøõ Åáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ æóíóßúãõáõ Èöåö äöÕóÇÈõåõ. áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ Ýöíåö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝðÇ. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈöíøõ: áóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÚóÇãøóÊóåõãú ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíåöº æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÌöÈú Ýöí ÞöíãóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóÊõÞóæøóãõ Èößõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ ÝóÊõÖóãøõ Åáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ. æóáóæú ßóÇäó áóåõ ÐóåóÈñ æóÝöÖøóÉñ æóÚõÑõæÖñ¡ æóÌóÈó Öóãøõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÈóÚúÖöåö Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÑúÖó ãóÖúãõæãñ Åáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ ÝóíóÌöÈõ ÖóãøõåõãóÇ Åáóíúåö¡ æóÌóãúÚõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö.
ÝóÃóãøóÇ Åäú ßóÇäó áóåõ ãöäú ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÈúáõÛõ äöÕóÇÈðÇ ÈöãõÝúÑóÏöåö¡ Ãóæú ßóÇäó áóåõ äöÕóÇÈñ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ æóÃóÞóáøõ ãöäú äöÕóÇÈò ãöäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóæóÞøóÝó ÃóÍúãóÏõ Úóäú Öóãøö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃóËúÑóãö æóÌóãóÇÚóÉò¡ æóÞóØóÚó Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÍóäúÈóáò¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Úóáóíúåö ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ äöÕóÇÈðÇ. æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö Ýöíåö ÑöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ ÅÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ áóÇ íõÖóãøõ.
æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÔóÑöíßò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò. æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒöº áöÞóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓö ÃóæóÇÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ.» æóáöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ãóÇáóÇäö íóÎúÊóáöÝõ äöÕóÇÈõåõãóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ßóÃóÌúäóÇÓö ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ¡ íõÖóãøõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö. æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ æóãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÃúíöº áöÃóäøó ÃóÍóÏóåõãóÇ íõÖóãøõ Åáóì ãóÇ íõÖóãøõ Åáóíúåö ÇáúÂÎóÑõ¡ ÝóíõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö.
ßóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÌöäúÓö¡ æóáöÃóäøó äóÝúÚóåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ ãöäúåõãóÇ ãõÊøóÍöÏñ. ÝóÅöäøóåõãóÇ Þöíóãõ ÇáúãõÊúáóÝóÇÊö¡

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æóÃõÑõæÔõ ÇáúÌöäóÇíóÇÊö¡ æóÃóËúãóÇäõ ÇáúÈöíóÇÚóÇÊö¡ æóÍõáöíøñ áöãóäú íõÑöíÏõåõãóÇ áöÐóáößó¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚóíúäö¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ãóÎúÕõæÕñ ÈöÚóÑúÖö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóäóÞöíÓõ Úóáóíúåö. ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ ÈöÇáÖøóãøö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÃóÍóÏóåõãóÇ íõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÈöÇáúÃóÌúÒóÇÁö¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ íõÍúÊóÓóÈõ ãöäú äöÕóÇÈöåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóãóáóÊú ÃóÌúÒóÇÄõåõãóÇ äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ æóÌóÈóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ãöËúáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõ äöÕúÝõ äöÕóÇÈò ãöäú ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ¡ æóäöÕúÝõ äöÕóÇÈò Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ Ãóæú ËõáõËñ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ¡ æóËõáõËóÇäö Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö. Ýóáóæú ãóáóßó ãöÇÆóÉó ÏöÑúåóãò æóÚóÔóÑóÉó ÏóäóÇäöíÑó¡ Ãóæú ãöÇÆóÉð æóÎóãúÓöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ æóÎóãúÓóÉó ÏóäóÇäöíÑó¡ Ãóæú ãöÇÆóÉð æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ æóËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÏóäóÇäöíÑó¡ æóÌóÈóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÝöíåöãóÇ.
æóÅöäú äóÞóÕóÊú ÃóÌúÒóÇÄõåõãóÇ Úóäú äöÕóÇÈò ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíåöãóÇ. ÓõÆöáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ Úóäú ÑóÌõáò ÚöäúÏóåõ ËóãóÇäöíóÉõ ÏóäóÇäöíÑó æóãöÇÆóÉõ ÏöÑúåóãò¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÅäøóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÏóäóÇäöíÑó æóãöÇÆóÉõ ÏöÑúåóãò. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÃóÈöí íõæÓõÝó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏò¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøöº áöÃóäøó ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ áóÇ ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÞöíãóÊõåõ Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÏóäóÇäöíÑó ãóÖúãõæäóÉð ßóÇáúÍõÈõæÈö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö æóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö ßõáøöåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö: ÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúãóÑøõæÐöíøö¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÖóãøõ ÈöÇáúÃóÍúæóØö ãöäú ÇáúÃóÌúÒóÇÁö æóÇáúÞöíãóÉö. æóãóÚúäóÇåõ Ãóäøóåõ íõÞóæøóãõ ÇáúÛóÇáöí ãöäúåõãóÇ ÈöÞöíãóÉö ÇáÑøóÎöíÕö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÞöíãóÊõåõãóÇ ÈöÇáÑøóÎöíÕö ãöäúåõãóÇ äöÕóÇÈðÇ æóÌóÈóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÝöíåöãóǺ Ýóáóæú ãóáóßó ãöÇÆóÉó ÏöÑúåóãò æóÊöÓúÚóÉó ÏóäóÇäöíÑó ÞöíãóÊõåóÇ ãöÇÆóÉõ ÏöÑúåóãò¡ Ãóæú ÚóÔóÑóÉó ÏóäóÇäöíÑó æóÊöÓúÚöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÞöíãóÊõåóÇ ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÏóäóÇäöíÑó¡ æóÌóÈóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÝöíåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó Ýöí ÊóÞúæöíãö ÇáÏøóäóÇäöíÑö ÈöÇáúÝöÖøóÉöº áöÃóäøó ßõáøó äöÕóÇÈö æóÌóÈó Ýöíåö Öóãøõ ÇáÐøóåóÈö Åáóì ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ Öõãøó ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö¡ ßóäöÕóÇÈö ÇáúÞóØúÚö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáÖøóãøö áöÊóÍúÕöíáö ÍóÙøö ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó ÕöÝóÉõ ÇáÖøóãøö. æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÕóÍøõº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäó ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöí ÃóÚúíóÇäöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÞöíãóÊõåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÇäúÝóÑóÏóÊú. æóíõÎóÇáöÝõ äöÕóÇÈó ÇáúÞóØúÚö¡ ÝóÅöäøó äöÕóÇÈó ÇáúÞóØúÚö Ýöíåö ÇáúæóÑöÞõ ÎóÇÕøóÉð Ýöí ÅÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÑõÈúÚó ÏöíäóÇÑò. æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ãóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáúÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöäú ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö]
(1879) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (æóßóÐóáößó Ïõæäó ÇáúÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ) íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ãóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáúÚöÔúÑöíäó áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÊöãøó ÈöæóÑöÞò Ãóæú ÚõÑõæÖö ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö: ÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÐøóåóÈó ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ ÞöíãóÊõåóÇ ãöÇÆóÊóÇ ÏöÑúåóãò¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÊóÌöÈõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ ãóÇ Íõßöíó Úóäú ÇáúÍóÓóäö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ æóÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóÞóáøó ãöäú ÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ æóáóÇ íóÈúáõÛõ ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö: äöÕóÇÈõ ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÚöÔúÑõæäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÞöíãóÊöåóÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ ãóÇ Íõßöíó Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁò¡ æóØóÇæõÓò¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö ÍóÑúÈò¡ æóÃóíøõæÈó ÇáÓøöÎúÊöíóÇäöíøõ¡ Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: åõæó ãõÚúÊóÈóÑñ ÈöÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÞöíãóÊõåõ ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóǺ áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóËúÈõÊú Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÊóÞúÏöíÑñ Ýöí äöÕóÇÈöåö¡ ÝóËóÈóÊó Ãóäøóåõ Íóãóáóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö. æóáóäóÇ ãóÇ Ñóæóì ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö¡ Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «áóíúÓó Ýöí ÃóÞóáøó ãöäú ÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö¡

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æóáóÇ Ýöí ÃóÞóáøó ãöäú ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò.
æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú Úóäú ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÚóÇÆöÔóÉó¡ «Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÃúÎõÐõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ ÝóÕóÇÚöÏðÇ äöÕúÝó ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ» . æóÑóæóì ÓóÚöíÏñ¡ æóÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ Úóäú Úóáöíøò: " Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÝöí ßõáøö ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ äöÕúÝó ÏöíäóÇÑò "¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ Åáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöí Úóíúäöåö¡ Ýóáóãú íõÚúÊóÈóÑú ÈöÛóíúÑöåö¡ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáÒøóßóæöíøóÉö.

[ÝóÕúáõ ãóáóßó ÐóåóÈðÇ Ãóæú ÝöÖøóÉð ãóÛúÔõæÔóÉð Ãóæú ãõÎúÊóáöØðÇ ÈöÛóíúÑöåö]
(1880) ÝóÕúáñ: æóãóäú ãóáóßó ÐóåóÈðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÝöÖøóÉð ãóÛúÔõæÔóÉð¡ Ãóæú ãõÎúÊóáöØðÇ ÈöÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÞóÏúÑõ ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö äöÕóÇÈðǺ áöÞóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓö ÃóæóÇÞò ãöäú ÇáúæóÑöÞö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ.» ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóÚúáóãú ÞóÏúÑó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ æóÔóßøó åóáú ÈóáóÛó äöÕóÇÈðÇ Ãóæú áóÇ¡ ÎõíøöÑó Èóíúäó ÓóÈúßöåöãóÇ áöíóÚúáóãó ÞóÏúÑó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ æóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÙúåöÑó æóíõÎúÑöÌó¡ áöíóÓúÞõØó ÇáúÝóÑúÖõ ÈöíóÞöíäò. ÝóÅöäú ÃóÍóÈøó Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó ÇÓúÊöÙúåóÇÑðÇ¡ ÝóÃóÑóÇÏó ÅÎúÑóÇÌó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãöäú ÇáúãóÛúÔõæÔóÉö¡ äóÙóÑúÊ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÛöÔøõ áóÇ íóÎúÊóáöÝõ¡ ãöËúáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÛöÔøõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÏöíäóÇÑò ÓõÏõÓóåõ¡ æóÚóáöãó Ðóáößó¡ ÌóÇÒó Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó ãöäúåóǺ áöÃóäøóåõ íóßõæäõ ãõÎúÑöÌðÇ áöÑõÈúÚö ÇáúÚõÔúÑö.
æóÅöäú ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÞóÏúÑõ ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ãóæú áóãú íõÚúáóãú¡ áóãú íóÌõÒúåõ ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÙúåöÑóåõ¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ íóÊóíóÞøóäõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö ãõÍöíØñ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö. æóÅöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÚóäúåóÇ ÐóåóÈðÇ áóÇ ÛöÔøó Ýöíåö¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÝúÖóáõ¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÅÓúÞóÇØó ÇáúÛöÔøö¡ æóÅöÎúÑóÇÌó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Úóäú ÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö¡ ßóãóäú ãóÚóåõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ¡ ÓõÏõÓõåóÇ ÛöÔøñ¡ ÝóÃóÓúÞóØó ÇáÓøõÏõÓó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉð¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó äöÕúÝó ÏöíäóÇÑò Úóäú ÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ ÌóÇÒóº áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ÓóÈóßóåóÇ áóãú íóáúÒóãúåõ ÅáøóÇ Ðóáößó¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÛöÔøóåóÇ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÝöÖøóÉð¡ æóáóåõ ãöäú ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ãóÇ íóÊöãøõ Èöåö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ¡ Ãóæú áóåõ äöÕóÇÈñ ÓöæóÇåõ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Úóáóíúåö ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúÛöÔøö ÍöíäóÆöÐò. æóßóÐóáößó Åäøó ÞõáúäóÇ ÈöÖóãøö ÃóÍóÏö ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö. æóÅöÐóÇ ÇÏøóÚóì ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇáö Ãóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÇáúÛöÔøó¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøóåõ ÇÓúÊóÙúåóÑóåõ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúÝóÑúÖó¡ ÞõÈöáó ãöäúåõ ÈöÛóíúÑö íóãöíäò.
æóÅöäú ÒóÇÏóÊú ÞöíãóÉõ ÇáúãóÛúÔõæÔö ÈöÇáúÛöÔøö¡ ÝóÕóÇÑóÊú ÞöíãóÉõ ÇáúÚöÔúÑöíäó ÊõÓóÇæöí ÇËúäóíúäö æóÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÑõÈúÚö ÚõÔúÑöåóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÞöíãóÊõåõ ßóÞöíãóÊöåóǺ áöÃóäøó Úóáóíúåö ÅÎúÑóÇÌó ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáúÌóíøöÏö ãöäú ÌöäúÓöåö¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóäúÞõÕõ Úóäú ÞöíãóÊöåö¡ æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ãöÞúÏóÇÑ ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö]
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÊóãøóÊú¡ ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÑõÈúÚõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö) . íóÚúäöí ÅÐóÇ ÊóãøóÊú ÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö¡ æóÇáÏøóäóÇäöíÑõ ÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ ÝóÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ ÝöíåóÇ ÑõÈúÚõ ÚõÔúÑöåóÇ. æóáóÇ äóÚúáóãõ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ Èóíúäó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí Ãóäøó ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÑõÈúÚõ ÚóÔúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «Ýöí ÇáÑøöÞóÉö ÑõÈúÚõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö» æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «åóÇÊõæÇ ÑõÈúÚó ÇáúÚõÔõæÑö ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÏöÑúåóãðÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÊöÓúÚöíäó æóãöÇÆóÉò

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ÔóíúÁñ» ÞóÇáó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ¡ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: åõæó ÕóÍöíÍñ ÚöäúÏöí. æóÑóæóÇåõ ÓóÚöíÏñ¡ æóáóÝúÙõåõ: " ÝóåóÇÊõæÇ ÕóÏóÞóÉó ÇáÑøöÞóÉö ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ".
æóÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ýöí ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò ÎóãúÓóÉó ÏóÑóÇåöãó æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ¡ «Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÃúÎõÐõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ ÝóÕóÇÚöÏðÇ äöÕúÝó ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ.»

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó]
(1882) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (æóÝöí ÒöíóÇÏóÊöåóÇ æóÅöäú ÞóáøóÊú) Ñõæöíó åóÐóÇ Úóäú Úóáöíøò æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ -. æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö.
æóÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøöÈö¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóØóÇæõÓñ¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóãóßúÍõæáñ¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Ýöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáÏøóäóÇäöíÑö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÏóäóÇäöíÑöº áöÞóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÏöÑúåóãðÇ» . æóÚóäú ãõÚóÇÐò¡ Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÅÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÇáúæóÑöÞõ ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÏóÑóÇåöãó¡ Ëõãøó áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Ýöíåö ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó Åáóì ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ.» æóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ. æóáöÃóäøó áóåõ ÚóÝúæðÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö¡ ÝóßóÇäó áóåõ ÚóÝúæñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö¡ ßóÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö.
æóáóäóÇ¡ ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú Úóáöíøò¡ Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «åóÇÊõæÇ ÑõÈúÚó ÇáúÚõÔúÑö ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÏöÑúåóãðÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúßõãú ÔóíúÁñ ÍóÊøóì íóÊöãøó ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò¡ ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÏóÑóÇåöãó¡ ÝóãóÇ ÒóÇÏó ÝóÈöÍöÓóÇÈö Ðóáößó.» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ æóÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíø. æóÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏ¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãö Èúäö ÖóãúÑóÉó¡ æóÇáúÍóÇÑöËö¡ Úóäú Úóáöíøò¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÍúÓóÈõåõ Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -. æóÑõæöíó Ðóáößó Úóäú Úóáöíøò æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóáóãú äóÚúÑöÝú áóåõãóÇ ãõÎóÇáöÝðÇ ãöäú ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÅÌúãóÇÚðÇ. æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ ãõÊøóÌóÑñ¡ Ýóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÚóÝúæñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö ßóÇáúÍõÈõæÈö. æóãóÇ ÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ Èöåö ãöäú ÇáúÎóÈóÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáö Ýóåõæó ÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌñ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö¡ æóÇáúãóäúØõæÞõ ãõÞóÏøóãñ Úóáóíúåö. æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ íóÑúæöíå ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÚóØõæÝö ÇáúÌóÑøóÇÍõ Èúäõ ãöäúåóÇáò¡ æóåõæó ãóÊúÑõæßõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö. ÞóÇáó ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíø¡ æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: åõæó ÏóÌøóÇáñ ãöäú ÇáÏøóÌóÇÌöáóÉö. æóíóÑúæöíå Úóäú ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó Èúäö äõÓóíøò¡ Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐò¡ æóáóãú íóáúÞó ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó ãõÚóÇÐðÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãõÑúÓóáðÇ. æóÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉõ íóÔõÞøõ ÊóÔúÞöíÕõåóÇ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö.

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[ÝóÕúáõ íõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ãóÇáöåö]
(1883) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ãóÇáöåö. ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ ãõÊóÓóÇæöíóÉó ÇáúÞöíóãö¡ ÌóÇÒó Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ãöäú ÃóÍóÏöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊõÎúÑóÌõ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏö äóæúÚóíú ÇáúÛóäóãö. æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉó ÇáúÞöíóãö ÃóÎóÐó ãöäú ßõáøö äóæúÚò ãóÇ íóÎõÕøõåõ. æóÅöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäú ÃóæúÓóØöåóÇ ãóÇ íóÝöí ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö æóÞöíãóÊöåö¡ ÌóÇÒó. æóÅöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúÝóÑúÖó ãöäú ÃóÌúæóÏöåóÇ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö¡ ÌóÇÒó¡ æóáóåõ ËóæóÇÈõ ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö. æóÅöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö¡ ãöËúáõ Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó Úóäú äöÕúÝö ÏöíäóÇÑò ËõáõËó ÏöíäóÇÑò ÌóíøöÏò¡ áóãú íóÌõÒúº áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - äóÕøó Úóáóì äöÕúÝö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌõÒú ÇáäøóÞúÕõ ãöäúåõ.
æóÅöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäú ÇáúÃóÏúäóì¡ æóÒóÇÏó Ýöí ÇáúãõÎúÑóÌö ãóÇ íóÝöí ÈöÞöíãóÉö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö¡ ãöËúáõ Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó Úóäú ÏöíäóÇÑò ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ æóäöÕúÝðÇ íóÝöí ÈöÞöíãóÊöåö¡ ÌóÇÒó. æóßóÐóáößó áóæú ÃóÎúÑóÌó Úóäú ÇáÕøöÍóÇÍö ãõßóÓøóÑóÉð¡ æóÒóÇÏó ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãöäú ÇáúÝóÖúáö¡ ÌóÇÒóº áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÏøóì ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó Úóáóíúåö ÞöíãóÉð æóÞóÏúÑðÇ. æóÅöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó Úóäú ßóËöíÑö ÇáúÞöíãóÉö Þóáöíáó ÇáúÞöíãóÉö¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó. ÝóÅöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÈóåúÑóÌðÇ Úóäú ÇáúÌóíøöÏö¡ æóÒóÇÏó ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íõÓóÇæöí ÞöíãóÉó ÇáúÌóíøöÏö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö: íóÌõæÒõ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: íóáúÒóãõåõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÌóíøöÏò¡ æóáóÇ íóÑúÌöÚõ ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãöäú ÇáúãóÚöíÈöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãóÚöíÈðÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ áóæú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãóÑöíÖóÉð Úóäú ÕöÍóÇÍò.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈóåõ ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóåõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäú ÇáúãóÚöíÈö¡ Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: íóÌõæÒõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÇáÑøóÏöíÆóÉö Úóäú ÇáúÌóíøöÏóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóßúÓõæÑóÉö Úóäú ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö¡ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÌõÈúÑóÇäòº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóæúÏóÉó ÅÐóÇ áóÇÞóÊú ÌöäúÓóåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáÑøöÈóÇ áóÇ ÞöíãóÉó áóåóÇ. æóáóäóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóæúÏóÉó ãõÊóÞóæøöãóÉñ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö ãóÇ áóæú ÃóÊúáóÝó ÌóíøöÏðÇ¡ áóãú íõÌúÒöÆúåõ Ãóäú íóÏúÝóÚó Úóäúåõ ÑóÏöíÆðÇ¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÅÐóÇ áóãú íóÌúÈõÑúåõ ÈöãóÇ íõÊöãøõ Èöåö ÞöíãóÉó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÏóÎóáó Ýöí Úõãõæãö Þóæúáå ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóáÇ ÊóíóãøóãõæÇ ÇáúÎóÈöíËó ãöäúåõ ÊõäúÝöÞõæäó} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 267] .
æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÑóÏöíÆðÇ Úóäú ÌóíøöÏò ÈöÞóÏúÑöåö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌõÒú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍóÞøó ãóÚúáõæãõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö æóÇáÕøöÝóÉö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌõÒú ÇáäøóÞúÕõ Ýöí ÇáÕøöÝóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏúÑö. æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÑøöÈóÇ ÝóáóÇ íóÌúÑöí åóÇåõäóǺ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÎúÑóÌó ÍóÞøõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóáóÇ ÑöÈóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö æóÓóíøöÏöåö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúãöÚúíóÇÑö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøö ÅäøóãóÇ ÇõÚúÊõÈöÑóÊú Ýöí ÇáúãõÚóÇæóÖóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÞóÕúÏõ ãöäú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÇáúãõæóÇÓóÇÉõ¡ æóÅöÛúäóÇÁõ ÇáúÝóÞöíÑö¡ æóÔõßúÑõ äöÚúãóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ ÇáÑøöÈóÇ ÝöíåóÇ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: Ýóáóæú ÃóÎúÑóÌó Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö ÑóÏöíÆóÊóíúäö Úóäú ÌóíøöÏóÉò¡ Ãóæú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÞóÝöíÒóíúäö ÑóÏöíÆóíúäö Úóäú ÞóÝöíÒò ÌóíøöÏò¡ áóãú íóÌõÒú¡ Ýóáöãó ÃóÌóÒúÊõãú Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó Úóäú ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäúåõ ãõßóÓøóÑðÇ¿ ÞõáúäóÇ: íóÌõæÒõ Ðóáößó ÅÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöí ÅÎúÑóÇÌöåö ÚóíúÈñ Óöæóì äóÞúÕö ÇáúÞöíãóÉö¡ æóÅöäú ÓóáøóãúäóÇåõ¡ ÝóÇáúÝóÑúÞõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÕúÏó ãöäú ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö ÇáúÞöíãóÉõ áóÇ ÛóíúÑõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÓóÇæóì ÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ æóÇáúãõÎúÑóÌõ Ýöí ÇáúÞöíãóÉö æóÇáúÞóÏúÑö¡ ÌóÇÒó¡ æóÓóÇÆöÑõ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö íõÞúÕóÏõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚõ ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ãöäú ÇáÊøóÓóÇæöí Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÇáúÅöÌúÒóÇÁõº áöÌóæóÇÒö Ãóäú íóÝõæÊó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏö.

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[ÝóÕúáõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÃóÍóÏö ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö Úóäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö]
(1884) ÝóÕúáñ: æóåóáú íóÌõæÒõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÃóÍóÏö ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö Úóäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö¿ Ýöíåö ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö. äóÕøó ÚóáóíúåöãóǺ ÅÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ¡ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ. æóåõæó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑòº áöÃóäøó ÃóäúæóÇÚó ÇáúÌöäúÓö áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Úóäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóÞóáøó Ýöí ÇáúãöÞúÏóÇÑö¡ ÝóãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáúÌöäúÓö Ãóæúáóì.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ¡ íóÌõæÒõ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÕóÍøõ¡ Åäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõº áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏó ãöäú ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ÈöÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ÝóíõÌúÒöÆõ¡ ßóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÌöäúÓö¡ æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏó ãöäúåõãóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÇáËøóãóäöíøóÉõ æóÇáÊøóæóÓøõáõ ÈöåóÇ Åáóì ÇáúãóÞóÇÕöÏö¡ æóåõãóÇ íóÔúÊóÑößóÇäö Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇáÓøóæóÇÁö¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÅÎúÑóÇÌó ÇáúãõßóÓøóÑóÉö Úóäú ÇáÕøöÍóÇÍö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö æóÇáúÃóäúæóÇÚö¡ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÝóÅöäøó áößõáøö ÌöäúÓò ãóÞúÕõæÏðÇ ãõÎúÊóÕøðÇ Èöåö¡ áóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ãöäú ÇáúÌöäúÓö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÃóäúæóÇÚõåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ÈöÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÛóíúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö ãöäú ÇáúÍößúãóÉö ãóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ÈöÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö¡ æóåóÇ åõäóÇ ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ ÍóÇÕöáñ¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó ÅÌúÒóÇÄõåõ¡ ÅÐú áóÇ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉó ÈöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö ÇáúÅöÌúÒóÇÁö ÈöÚóíúäò¡ ãóÚó ãõÓóÇæóÇÉö ÛóíúÑöåóÇ áóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍößúãóÉö
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æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÅöÈúÏóÇáõ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò íóáúÍóÞõ ÇáúÝóÞöíÑó ÖóÑóÑñ¡ ãöËúáõ Ãóäú íóÏúÝóÚó Åáóíúåö ãóÇ áóÇ íõäúÝöÞõ ÚöæóÖðÇ ÚóãøóÇ íõäúÝöÞõº áöÃóäøóåõ ÅÐóÇ áóãú íóÌõÒú ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÃóÍóÏö ÇáäøóæúÚóíúäö Úóäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö ãóÚó ÇáÖøóÑóÑö¡ ÝóãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåö Ãóæúáóì. æóÅöäú ÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇáÏøóÝúÚó ãöäú ÇáúÌöäúÓö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇáúÝóÞöíÑõ ÇáúÃóÎúÐó ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåöº áöÖóÑóÑò íóáúÍóÞõåõ Ýöí ÃóÎúÐö ÇáúÌöäúÓö¡ áóãú íóáúÒóãú ÇáúãóÇáößó ÅÌóÇÈóÊõåõº áöÃóäøóåõ ÅÐóÇ ÃóÏøóì ãóÇ ÝõÑöÖó Úóáóíúåö¡ áóãú íõßóáøóÝú ÓöæóÇåõ. æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ ÒóßóÇÉñ Íöáøöí ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉ]
(1885) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (æóáóíúÓó Ýöí Íõáöíøö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÒóßóÇÉñ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãöãøóÇ ÊóáúÈóÓõåõ Ãóæú ÊõÚöíÑõåõ) åóÐóÇ ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö. æóÑõæöíó Ðóáößó Úóäú ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑò¡ æóÃóäóÓò¡ æóÚóÇÆöÔóÉó¡ æóÃóÓúãóÇÁó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú - æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÓöãõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ Úóáöíøò¡ æóÚóãúÑóÉõ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡

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áöÐóáößóº áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÕúÑõæÝñ Úóäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáäøóãóÇÁö Åáóì ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáò ãõÈóÇÍò¡ ÃóÔúÈóåó Íóáúíó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö.

[ÝóÕúáõ Þóáöíáõ ÇáúÍõáöíøö æóßóËöíÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÈóÇÍóÉö æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÓóæóÇÁñ]
(1886) ÝóÕúáñ æóÞóáöíáõ ÇáúÍõáöíøö æóßóËöíÑõåõ ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÈóÇÍóÉö æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉö. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÇãöÏò íõÈóÇÍõ ãóÇ áóãú íóÈúáõÛú ÃóáúÝó ãöËúÞóÇáò¡ ÝóÅöäú ÈóáóÛóåóÇ ÍóÑõãó¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõº áöãóÇ Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò¿ ÞóÇáó: ÓõÆöáó ÌóÇÈöÑñ Úóäú ÇáúÍõáöíøö¡ åóáú Ýöíåö ÒóßóÇÉñ¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ. ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ: ÃóáúÝõ ÏöíäóÇÑò¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åäøó Ðóáößó áóßóËöíÑñ. æóáöÃóäøóåõ íóÎúÑõÌõ Åáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÝö æóÇáúÎõíóáóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ íõÍúÊóÇÌõ Åáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÕóÍøõº áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúÚó ÃóÈóÇÍó ÇáÊøóÍóáøöí ãõØúáóÞðÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÊóÞúíöíÏò¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÊóÞúíöíÏõåõ ÈöÇáÑøóÃúíö æóÇáÊøóÍóßøõãö¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ÌóÇÈöÑò áóíúÓó ÈöÕóÑöíÍò Ýöí äóÝúíö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóæóÞøõÝö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäúåõ ÎöáóÇÝõåõ¡ ÝóÑóæóì ÇáúÌõæÒóÌóÇäöíøõ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÓóÃóáúÊ ÌóÇÈöÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ Úóäú ÇáúÍõáöíøö Ýöíåö ÒóßóÇÉñ¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ. ÞõáúÊ: Åäøó ÇáúÍõáöíøó íóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ÃóáúÝõ ÏöíäóÇÑò. ÞóÇáó: æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöíåö¡ íõÚóÇÑõ æóíõáúÈóÓõ. Ëõãøó Åäøó Þóæúáó ÌóÇÈöÑò Þóæúáõ ÕóÍóÇÈöíøò ÎóÇáóÝóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ ãöãøóäú ÃóÈóÇÍóåõ ãõØúáóÞðÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÊóÞúíöíÏò¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÈúÞóì Þóæúáõåõ ÍõÌøóÉð¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúíöíÏõ ÈöÇáÑøóÃúíö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö æóÇáÊøóÍóßøõãõ ÛóíúÑõ ÌóÇÆöÒò.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÅÐóÇ ÇäúßóÓóÑó ÇáúÍõáöíøõ ßóÓúÑðÇ áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáó æóÇááøõÈúÓó ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö]
(1887) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇäúßóÓóÑó ÇáúÍõáöíøõ ßóÓúÑðÇ áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáó æóÇááøõÈúÓó¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóäúæöíó ßóÓúÑóåõ æóÓóÈúßóåõ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÍöíäóÆöÐò¡ áöÃóäøóåõ äóæóì ÕóÑúÝóåõ Úóäú ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö. æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúßóÓúÑõ íóãúäóÚõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉóº áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáäøõÞõæÏö æóÇáÊøöÈúÑö.

[ÝóÕúáõ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÍõáöíøõ áöáøöÈúÓö ÝóäóæóÊú Èöåö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉó ÇäúÚóÞóÏó Úóáóíúåö Íóæúáõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãöäú Íöíäö äóæóÊú]
(1888) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÍõáöíøõ áöáøõÈúÓö¡ ÝóäóæóÊú Èöåö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉó¡ ÇäúÚóÞóÏó Úóáóíúåö Íóæúáõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãöäú Íöíäö äóæóÊúº áöÃóäøó ÇáúæõÌõæÈó åõæó ÇáúÃóÕúáõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇäúÕóÑóÝó Úóäúåõ áöÚóÇÑöÖö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö¡ ÝóÚóÇÏó Åáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö ÈöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáäøöíøóÉö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáò¡ Ýóåõæó ßóãóÇ áóæú äóæóì ÈöÚóÑúÖö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞõäúíóÉó¡ ÇäúÕóÑóÝó Åáóíúåö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáò.

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[ÝóÕúáõ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Ýöí ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö Ýöí ÇáúÍõáöíøö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ]
(1889) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Ýöí ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö Ýöí ÇáúÍõáöíøö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÈöÇáúæóÒúäö¡ Ýóáóæú ãóáóßó ÍõáöíøðÇ ÞöíãóÊõåõ ãöÇÆóÊóÇ ÏöÑúåóãò¡ æóæóÒúäõåõ Ïõæäó ÇáúãöÇÆóÊóíúäö¡ áóãú íóßõäú Úóáóíúåö ÒóßóÇÉñ. æóÅöäú ÈóáóÛó ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö æóÒúäðÇ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ æóÅöäú äóÞóÕó Ýöí ÇáúÞöíãóÉöº áöÞóæúáöåö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓö ÃóæóÇÞò ãöäú ÇáúæóÑöÞö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ.» .
Çááøóåõãøó ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÍõáöíøõ áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ÝóíõÞóæøóãõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÞöíãóÊõåõ ÈöÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõº áöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö¡ æóãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ÝóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöí Úóíúäöåö¡ ÝóíõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Ãóäú íóÈúáõÛó ÈöÞöíãóÊöåö æóæóÒúäöåö äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ æóåõæó ãõÎóíøóÑñ Èóíúäó ÅÎúÑóÇÌö ÑõÈúÚö ÚõÔúÑö Íõáöíøöåö ãóÔóÇÚðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÏóÝúÚö ãóÇ íõÓóÇæöí ÑõÈúÚó ÚõÔúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÌöäúÓöåóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ÒóÇÏó Ýöí ÇáúæóÒúäö Úóáóì ÑõÈúÚö ÇáúÚõÔúÑöº áöãóÇ ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöÈóÇ áóÇ íóÌúÑöí åóÇåõäóÇ. æóáóæú ÃóÑóÇÏó ßóÓúÑóåóÇ æóÏóÝóÚó ÑõÈúÚó ÚõÔúÑöåóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ãöäúåõº áöÃóäøóåõ íóäúÞõÕõ ÞöíãóÊóåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõ ÈöÇáúæóÒúäö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó æóÒúäõ ÇáúÍõáöíøö ÚöÔúÑöíäó æóÞöíãóÊõåõ ËóáóÇËõæäó¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö äöÕúÝõ ãöËúÞóÇáò¡ áóÇ ÊóÒöíÏõ ÞöíãóÊõåõ ÔóíúÆðǺ áöÃóäøóåõ äöÕóÇÈñ ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö¡ ÝóÊóÚóáøóÞóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÈöæóÒúäöåö¡ áóÇ ÈöÕöÝóÊöåö¡ ßóÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãö ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈóÉö. æóáóäóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÉó ÕóÇÑóÊú ÕöÝóÉð áöáäøöÕóÇÈö áóåóÇ ÞöíãóÉñ ãóÞúÕõæÏóÉñ¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõåóÇ ßóÇáúÌóæúÏóÉö Ýöí ÓóÇÆöÑö ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö. æóÏóáöíáõåõãú äóÞõæáõ Èöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöæóÒúäöåö æóÕöÝóÊöåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ ßóÇáúÌóíøöÏö ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóæóÇÔöí¡ æóÇáúÍõÈõæÈö¡ æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõåõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÑóÏöíÁò Úóäú ÌóíøöÏò¡ ßóÐóáößó åóÇåõäóÇ.
æóÅöäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÅÎúÑóÇÌó ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö Úóäú Íõáöíøö ÇáÐøóåóÈö¡ Ãóæú ÇáÐøóåóÈö Úóäú ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ ÃóÎúÑóÌó Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÅÎúÑóÇÌö ÃóÍóÏö ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö Úóäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö. æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÞöíáò Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑó Ýöí ÞóÏúÑö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö¡ Ýóáóæú ãóáóßó ÍõáöíøðÇ æóÒúäõåõ ÊöÓúÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó¡ æóÞöíãóÊõåõ ÚöÔúÑõæäó áöÃóÌúáö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÉö¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ æóÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõ ÇáúæóÒúäö¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ äóÕøöåö¡ áöÞóæúáöåö: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓö ÃóæóÇÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöí Úóíúäöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÞöíãóÉõ ÇáÏøóäóÇäöíÑö ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈóÉö¡ áöÃóäøó ÒöíóÇÏóÉó ÇáúÞöíãóÉö ÈöÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÉö¡ ßóÒöíóÇÏóÊöåóÇ ÈöäóÝóÇÓóÉö ÌóæúåóÑöåö¡ ÝóßóãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ ÝöíãóÇ ßóÇäó äóÝöíÓó ÇáúÌóæúåóÑö¡ ßóÐóáößó ÇáúÂÎóÑõ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÍõáöíøö ÌóæúåóÑñ æóáóÂáöÆõ ãõÑóÕøóÚóÉñ]
(1890) ÝóÕúáñ: ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÍõáöíøö ÌóæúåóÑñ æóáóÂáöÆõ ãõÑóÕøóÚóÉñ¡ ÝóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÍõáöíøö ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö Ïõæäó ÇáúÌóæúåóÑö¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍóÏò ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö. ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÍõáöíøõ áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ Þóæøóãóåõ ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÇáúÌóæóÇåöÑöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóæóÇåöÑó áóæú ßóÇäóÊú ãõÝúÑóÏóÉð æóåöíó áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ áóÞõæøöãóÊú æóÒõßøöíóÊú¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí Íõáöíøö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÅÐóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐóÊú ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÍõáöíøðÇ áóíúÓó áóåóÇ ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõ]
(1891) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐóÊú ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÍõáöíøðÇ áóíúÓó áóåóÇ ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÅÐóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐóÊú ÍöáúíóÉó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ßóÍöáúíóÉö ÇáÓøóíúÝö æóÇáúãöäúØóÞóÉö¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÍóÑøóãñ¡ æóÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ Íõáöíøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö.

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[ÝóÕúáõ íõÈóÇÍõ áöáäøöÓóÇÁö ãöäú Íõáöíøö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö æóÇáúÌóæóÇåöÑö ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÌóÑóÊú ÚóÇÏóÊõåõäøó ÈöáõÈúÓöåö]
(1892) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíõÈóÇÍõ áöáäøöÓóÇÁö ãöäú Íõáöíøö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö æóÇáúÌóæóÇåöÑö ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÌóÑóÊú ÚóÇÏóÊõåõäøó ÈöáõÈúÓöåö¡ ãöËúáõ ÇáÓøöæóÇÑö æóÇáúÎóáúÎóÇáö æóÇáúÞõÑúØö æóÇáúÎóÇÊóãö¡ æóãóÇ íóáúÈóÓúäóåõ Úóáóì æõÌõæåöåöäøó¡ æóÝöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöäøó¡ æóÃóíúÏöíåöäøó¡ æóÃóÑúÌõáöåöäøó¡ æóÂÐóÇäöåöäøó æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ áóãú ÊóÌúÑö ÚóÇÏóÊõåõäøó ÈöáõÈúÓöåö¡ ßóÇáúãöäúØóÞóÉö æóÔöÈúåöåóÇ ãöäú Íõáöíøö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÍóÑøóãñ¡ æóÚóáóíúåóÇ ÒóßóÇÊõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ áöäóÝúÓöåö Íõáöíøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ áóíúÓó Ýöí ÍöáúíóÉö ÓóíúÝö ÇáÑøóÌõáö æóãöäúØóÞóÊöåö æóÎóÇÊóãöåö ÒóßóÇÉñ]
(1893) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÍöáúíóÉö ÓóíúÝö ÇáÑøóÌõáö æóãöäúØóÞóÊöåö æóÎóÇÊóãöåö ÒóßóÇÉñ æóÌõãúáóÉõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÈóÇÍðÇ ãöäú ÇáúÍõáöíøö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÚóÏøðÇ áöáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó áöÑóÌõáò Ãóæú ÇãúÑóÃóÉòº áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÕúÑõæÝñ Úóäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáäøóãóÇÁö Åáóì ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáò ãõÈóÇÍò¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ËöíóÇÈó ÇáúÈöÐúáóÉö æóÚóæóÇãöáó ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö¡ æóíõÈóÇÍõ áöáÑøöÌóÇáö ãöäú ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÇáúÎóÇÊóãõº «áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÎóÇÊóãðÇ ãöäú æóÑöÞò.» ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÍöáúíóÉõ ÇáÓøóíúÝö¡ ÈöÃóäú ÊõÌúÚóáó ÞóÈöíÚóÊõåõ ÝöÖøóÉð Ãóæú ÊóÍúáöíóÊõåóÇ ÈöÝöÖøóÉòº ÝóÅöäøó ÃóäóÓðÇ ÞóÇáó: «ßóÇäóÊú ÞóÈöíÚóÉõ ÓóíúÝö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝöÖøóÉð.» æóÞóÇáó åöÔóÇãõ Èúäõ ÚõÑúæóÉó: ßóÇäó ÓóíúÝõ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö ãõÍóáøðì ÈöÇáúÝöÖøóÉö. ÑóæóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö. æóÇáúãöäúØóÞóÉõ ÊõÈóÇÍõ ÊóÍúáöíóÊõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÝöÖøóÉöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÍöáúíóÉñ ãõÚúÊóÇÏóÉñ áöáÑøóÌõáö¡ Ýóåöíó ßóÇáúÎóÇÊóãö æóÞóÏú äõÞöáó ßóÑóÇåóÉõ Ðóáößóº áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÇáúÝóÎúÑö æóÇáúÎõíóáóÇÁö¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÇáØøóæúÞö¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ãóæúáóìº áöÃóäøó ÇáØøóæúÞó áóíúÓó ÈöãõÚúÊóÇÏò Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãöäúØóÞóÉö. æóÚóáóì ÞöíóÇÓö ÇáúãöäúØóÞóÉö¡ ÇáúÌóæúÔóäõ¡ æóÇáúÎõæÐóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÎõÝøõ¡ æóÇáÑøóÇäõ¡ æóÇáúÍóãóÇÆöáõ.
æóÊõÈóÇÍõ ÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöäóÇÁö æóãóÇ ÃóÔúÈóåóåóǺ áöáúÍóÇÌóÉö¡ æóäóÚúäöí ÈöÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íõäúÊóÝóÚõ ÈöåóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÅöäú ÞóÇãó ÛóíúÑõåóÇ ãóÞóÇãóåóÇ. æóÝöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Úóäú¡ ÃóäóÓò «Ãóäøó ÞóÏóÍó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇäúßóÓóÑó¡ ÝóÇÊøóÎóÐó ãóßóÇäó ÇáÔøóÚúÈö ÓöáúÓöáóÉð ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò.» æóÞóÇáó
ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: íõÈóÇÍõ ÇáúíóÓöíÑõ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú áöÍóÇÌóÉò. æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÑöåó ÃóÍúãóÏõ ÇáúÍóáúÞóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÅöäóÇÁöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ. æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÐøóåóÈõ¡ ÝóíõÈóÇÍõ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ ÏóÚóÊú ÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉõ Åáóíúåö¡ ßóÇáúÃóäúÝö Ýöí ÍóÞøö

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ãöäú ÞõØöÚó ÃóäúÝõåõº áöãóÇ Ñõæöíó «Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ØõÑúÝóÉó¡ Ãóäøó ÌóÏøóåõ ÚóÑúÝóÌóÉó Èúäó ÃóÓúÚóÏó. ÞõØöÚó ÃóäúÝõåõ íóæúãó ÇáúßöáóÇÈö¡ ÝóÇÊøóÎóÐó ÃóäúÝðÇ ãöäú æóÑöÞò ÝóÃóäúÊóäó Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÇÊøóÎóÐó ÃóäúÝðÇ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò.» ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÑóÈúØõ ÇáúÃóÓúäóÇäö ÈöÇáÐøóåóÈö ÅÐóÇ ÎõÔöíó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÓúÞõØó ÞóÏú ÝóÚóáóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Èöåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö.
æóÑóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ Úóäú ãõæÓóì Èúäö ØóáúÍóÉó¡ æóÃóÈöí ÌóãúÑóÉó ÇáÖøõÈóÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈöí ÑóÇÝöÚò¡ æóËóÇÈöÊò ÇÓúÊóÑúÞõæÇ æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Èúäö ÒóíúÏò Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò¡ æóÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú ÔóÏøõæÇ ÃóÓúäóÇäóåõãú ÈöÇáÐøóåóÈö. æóÚóäú ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú ÑóÎøóÕõæÇ Ýöíåö. æóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -¡ ÇáÑøõÎúÕóÉõ Ýöíåö Ýöí ÇáÓøóíúÝö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÓóíúÝö ÚõËúãóÇäó Èúäö ÍõäóíúÝò ãöÓúãóÇÑñ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÝóÐóÇßó ÇáúÂäó Ýöí ÇáÓøóíúÝö. æóÞóÇáó: Åäøóåõ ßóÇäó áöÚõãóÑó ÓóíúÝñ ÓóÈóÇÆößõåõ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò. ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÅÓúãóÇÚöíáó Èúäö ÃõãóíøóÉó¡ Úóäú äóÇÝöÚò. æóÑóæóì ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ãóÒúíóÏóÉó ÇáúÚóÕóÑöíøö¡ «Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÏóÎóáó ãóßøóÉó æóÚóáóì ÓóíúÝöåö ÐóåóÈñ æóÝöÖøóÉñ» .
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÊóÍúÑöíãö Ðóáößó. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ: ÞõáúÊ áöÃóÈöí ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö: íóÎóÇÝõ Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÓúÞõØó íóÌúÚóáõ Ýöíåö ãöÓúãóÇÑðÇ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò¿ ÞóÇáó: ÅäøóãóÇ ÑõÎøöÕó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúäóÇäö¡ æóÐóáößó ÅäøóãóÇ åõæó Úóáóì ÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãöÓúãóÇÑõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó: «ãóäú ÊóÍóáøóì ÈöÎõÑóíúÕöíÕóÉò¡ ßõæöíó ÈöåóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» . ÞõáúÊ: Ãóíøõ ÔóíúÁò ÎõÑóíúÕöíÕóÉñ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÔóíúÁñ ÕóÛöíÑñ ãöËúáõ ÇáÔøõÚóíúÑóÉö.
æóÑóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÔóåúÑö Èúäö ÍóæúÔóÈò¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö Ûóäúãò¡ ÞóÇáó: «ãóäú Íõáøöíó¡ Ãóæú ÊóÍóáøóì ÈöÎõÑóíúÕöíÕóÉò¡ ßõæöíó ÈöåóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ãóÛúÝõæÑðÇ áóåõ Ãóæú ãõÚóÐøóÈðÇ» . æóÍõßöíó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöäóÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÈóÇÍó íóÓöíÑó ÇáÐøóåóÈö¡ æóáóÚóáøóåõ íóÍúÊóÌøõ ÈöãóÇ ÑóæóíúäóÇåõ ãöäú ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö¡ æóÈöÞöíóÇÓö ÇáÐøóåóÈö Úóáóì ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÐøõßõæÑö Ïõæäó ÇáúÅöäóÇËö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÍúÑõãú íóÓöíÑõåõ ßóÓóÇÆöÑöåóÇ¡ æóßõáøõ ãóÇ ÃõÈöíÍó ãöäú ÇáúÍõáöíøö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö¡ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÚóÏøðÇ áöáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúãõÊøóÎöÐ ÂäöíóÉó ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÚóÇÕò æóÝöíåóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ]
(1894) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (æóÇáúãõÊøóÎöÐõ ÂäöíóÉö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÚóÇÕò¡ æóÝöíåóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ) æóÌõãúáóÊõåõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐó ÂäöíóÉö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÍóÑóÇãñ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö æóÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõåõ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö Þóæúáóíúåö: áóÇ íóÍúÑõãõ ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåóǺ áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÕøó ÅäøóãóÇ æóÑóÏó Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö¡ ÝóíóÈúÞóì ÅÈóÇÍóÉõ ÇáöÇÊøöÎóÇÐö Úóáóì ãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÈóÇÍóÉö.

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æóáóäóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÍóÑõãó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõåõ ÍóÑõãó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõ Úóáóì åóíúÆóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ßóÇáúãóáóÇåöí¡ æóíóÓúÊóæöí Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ¡ æóÇáäøöÓóÇÁõº áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÞúÊóÖöíó áöáÊøóÍúÑöíãö íóÚõãøõåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÅöÝúÖóÇÁõ Åáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÝö æóÇáúÎõíóáóÇÁö¡ æóßóÓúÑö ÞõáõæÈö ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö¡ ÝóíóÓúÊóæöíóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõÍöáøó áöáäøöÓóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÍóáøöí áöÍóÇÌóÊöåöäøó Åáóíúåö áöáÊøóÒóíøõäö áöáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö¡ æóáóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ÈöãóæúÌõæÏò Ýöí ÇáúÂäöíóÉö¡ ÝóíóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö.
ÅÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó¡ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÎöáóÇÝò Èóíúäó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó äöÕóÇÈðÇ ÈöÇáúæóÒúäö¡ Ãóæú íóßõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÇ íóÈúáõÛõ äöÕóÇÈðÇ ÈöÖóãøöåóÇ Åáóíúåö. æóÅöäú ÒóÇÏóÊú ÞöíãóÊõåõ áöÕöäóÇÚóÊöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöåóǺ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÍóÑøóãóÉñ ÝóáóÇ ÞöíãóÉó áóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö¡ æóáóåõ Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó ÚóäúåóÇ ÞóÏúÑó ÑõÈúÚö ÚõÔúÑöåóÇ ÈöÞöíãóÊöåö ÛóíúÑó ãóÕõæÛò. æóÅöäú ÃóÍóÈøó ßóÓúÑóåóÇ¡ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÑõÈúÚó ÚõÔúÑöåóÇ ãóßúÓõæÑðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÑõÈúÚó ÚõÔúÑöåóÇ ãóÕõæÛðÇ¡ ÌóÇÒóº áöÃóäøó ÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÉó áóãú ÊóäúÞõÕúåóÇ Úóäú ÞöíãóÉö ÇáúãóßúÓõæÑö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö æóÌúåðÇ Ýöí ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÞöíãóÊöåóÇ. æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÕóÍøõ¡ Åäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.

[ÝóÕúáõ ßõáøõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõ ãõÍóÑøóãðÇ ãöäú ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö áóãú ÊóÓúÞõØú ÒóßóÇÊõåõ ÈöÇöÊøöÎóÇÐöåö]
(1895) ÝóÕúáñ: æóßõáøõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõ ãõÍóÑøóãðÇ ãöäú ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö¡ áóãú ÊóÓúÞõØú ÒóßóÇÊõåõ ÈöÇöÊøöÎóÇÐöåöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó æõÌõæÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÝöíåóÇ¡ áößóæúäöåóÇ ãóÎúáõæÞóÉð áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøóæóÓøõáö ÈöåóÇ Åáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íõæÌóÏú ãóÇ íóãúäóÚõ Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÈóÞöíóÊú Úóáóì ÃóÕúáöåóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÓóÑúÌò Ãóæú áöÌóÇãò¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ. æóäóÕøó Úóáóì ÍöáúíóÉö ÇáËøõÝúÑö æóÇáÑøößóÇÈö æóÇááøöÌóÇãö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ãõÍóÑøóãñ. æóÞóÇáó¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃóËúÑóãö: ÃóßúÑóåõ ÑóÃúÓó ÇáúãõßúÍõáóÉö ÝöÖøóÉð. Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÊóÃóæøóáúÊå. æóÚóáóì ÞöíóÇÓö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ¡ ÍöáúíóÉõ ÇáÏøóæóÇÉö¡ æóÇáúãöÞúáóãóÉö¡ æóÇáÓøóÑúÌö¡ æóäóÍúæöåö ãöãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÏøóÇÈøóÉö. æóáóæú ãóæøóåó ÓóÞúÝóåõ ÈöÐóåóÈò Ãóæú ÝöÖøóÉò¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÍóÑøóãñ¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö: íõÈóÇÍõº áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÇÈöÚñ áöáúãõÈóÇÍö¡ ÝóíóÊúÈóÚõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÈóÇÍóÉö. æóáóäóÇ¡ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÅÓúÑóÇÝñ¡ æóíõÝúÖöí ÝöÚúáõåõ Åáóì ÇáúÎõíóáóÇÁö¡ æóßóÓúÑö ÞõáõæÈö ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö¡ ÝóÍóÑõãó¡ ßóÇöÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúÂäöíóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú äóåóì ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäú ÇáÊøóÎóÊøõãö ÈöÎóÇÊóãö ÇáÐøóåóÈö áöáÑøóÌõáö¡ ÝóÊóãúæöíåõ ÇáÓøóÞúÝö Ãóæúáóì.
æóÅöäú ÕóÇÑó ÇáÊøóãúæöíåõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöí ÇáÓøóÞúÝö ãõÓúÊóåúáóßðÇ áóÇ íóÌúÊóãöÚõ ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ¡ áóãú ÊóÍúÑõãú ÇÓúÊöÏóÇãóÊõåõº áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉó Ýöí ÅÊúáóÇÝöåö æóÅöÒóÇáóÊöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåöº áöÃóäøó ãóÇáöíøóÊóåõ ÐóåóÈóÊú æóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÐúåóÈú ãóÇáöíøóÊõåõ¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú ãõÓúÊóåúáóßðÇ¡ ÍóÑõãóÊú ÇÓúÊóÏóÇãóÊúåõ. æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛóäóÇ Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö áóãøóÇ æóáöí¡ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÌóãúÚó ãóÇ Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÏöãóÔúÞó ãöãøóÇ ãõæøöåó Èöåö ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö¡ ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ: Åäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌúÊóãöÚõ ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ. ÝóÊóÑóßóåõ. æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÊóÍúáöíóÉõ ÇáúãóÕóÇÍöÝö æóáóÇ ÇáúãóÍóÇÑöíÈö¡ æóáóÇ ÇÊøöÎóÇÐó ÞóäóÇÏöíáó ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúÂäöíóÉö.
æóÅöäú æóÞóÝóåóÇ Úóáóì ãóÓúÌöÏò Ãóæú äóÍúæöåö áóãú íóÕöÍøóº áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÈöÑøò æóáóÇ ãóÚúÑõæÝò¡ æóíóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ ÝóíõßúÓóÑõ æóíõÕúÑóÝõ Ýöí ãóÕúáóÍóÉö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóÚöãóÇÑóÊöåö. æóßóÐóáößó Åäøó ÍóÈóÓó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÝóÑóÓðÇ áóåõ áöÌóÇãñ ãõÝóÖøóÖñ. æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: Ýöí ÇáÑøóÌõáö íóÞöÝõ ÝóÑóÓðÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ æóãóÚóåõ áöÌóÇãñ ãõÝóÖøóÖñ: Ýóåõæó Úóáóì ãóÇ æóÞóÝóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ÈöíÚóÊú ÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ ãöäú ÇáÓøóÑúÌö æóÇááøöÌóÇãö æóÌõÚöáóÊú Ýöí æóÞúÝö ãöËúáöåö Ýóåõæó ÃóÍóÈøõ Åáóíøóº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝöÖøóÉó áóÇ íõäúÊóÝóÚõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóáóÚóáøóåõ íóÔúÊóÑöí ÈöÐóáößó ÓóÑúÌðÇ æóáöÌóÇãðÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÃóäúÝóÚó áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó. Þöíáó: ÝóÊõÈóÇÚõ ÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ¡

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æóíõäúÝöÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑóÓö¿ ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÅÈóÇÍóÉö ÍöáúíóÉö ÇáÓøóÑúÌö æóÇááøöÌóÇãö ÈöÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ áóæúáóÇ Ðóáößó áóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: åõæó Úóáóì ãóÇ æóÞóÝó. æóåóÐóÇ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉó ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ Èöåö¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÍöáúíóÉó ÇáúãöäúØóÞóÉö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ ÈöÊóÍúÑöíãöåóÇ ÝóÕóÇÑó ÈöÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÌúÊóãöÚõ ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ¡ áóãú íóÍúÑõãú ÇÓúÊóÏóÇãóÊúåõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöäóÇ Ýöí Êóãúæöíåö ÇáÓøóÞúÝö¡ æóÃóÈóÇÍó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÚöáóÇÞóÉó ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÐóåóÈðÇ Ãóæú ÝöÖøóÉð áöáäøöÓóÇÁö ÎóÇÕøóÉð. æóáóíúÓó ÈöÌóíøöÏòº áöÃóäøó ÍöáúíóÉó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ãóÇ áóÈöÓóÊúåõ¡ æóÊóÍóáøóÊú Èöåö Ýöí ÈóÏóäöåóÇ Ãóæú ËöíóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇåõ ÝóÍõßúãõåõ Íõßúãõ ÇáúÃóæóÇäöí¡ áóÇ íõÈóÇÍõ áöáäøöÓóÇÁö ãöäúåõ ÅáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃõÈöíÍó áöáÑøöÌóÇáö. æóáóæú ÃõÈöíÍó áóåóÇ Ðóáößó áóÃõÈöíÍó ÚöáóÇÞóÉõ ÇáúÃóæóÇäöí æóÇáúÃóÏúÑóÇÌö æóäóÍúæöåöãóÇ. ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÞöíáò.
(1896) ÝóÕúáñ: æóßõáøõ ãóÇ íóÍúÑõãõ ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÈóáóÛó ÈöÖóãøöåö Åáóì ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÒóßóÇÉ ÇáÑøößóÇÒö]
(1897) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÇáÑøößóÇÒö¡ æóåõæó ÏöÝúäõ ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö¡ Þóáøó Ãóæú ßóËõÑó¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáúÎóãúÓõ áöÃóåúáö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö¡ æóÈóÇÞöíå áóåõ ÇáÏøöÝúäõ¡ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÏøóÇáö: ÇáúãóÏúÝõæäõ. æóÇáÑøößóÇÒõ: ÇáúãóÏúÝõæäõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. æóÇÔúÊöÞóÇÞõåõ ãöäú ÑóßóÒó íóÑúßöÒõ. ãöËúáõ ÛóÑóÒó íóÛúÑöÒõ: ÅÐóÇ ÎóÝöíó. íõÞóÇáõ: ÑóßóÒó ÇáÑøõãúÍó¡ ÅÐóÇ ÛóÑóÒó ÃóÓúÝóáóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. æóãöäúåõ ÇáÑøößúÒõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáÕøóæúÊõ ÇáúÎóÝöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Ãóæú ÊóÓúãóÚõ áóåõãú ÑößúÒðÇ} [ãÑíã: 98] . æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöí ÕóÏóÞóÉö ÇáÑøößóÇÒö¡ ãóÇ Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÇáúÚóÌúãóÇÁõ ÌõÈóÇÑñ¡ æóÝöí ÇáÑøößóÇÒö ÇáúÎõãõÓõ.» ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö. æóåõæó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÌúãóÚñ Úóáóíúåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÎóÇáóÝó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ ÅáøóÇ ÇáúÍóÓóäó ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÝóÑøóÞó Èóíúäó ãóÇ íõæÌóÏõ Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÍóÑúÈö¡ æóÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÝöíãóÇ íõæÌóÏõ Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÍóÑúÈö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ¡ æóÝöíãóÇ íõæÌóÏõ Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÒóßóÇÉ ÇáÑøößóÇÒö ÊóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÎóãúÓóÉö ÝõÕõæáò]
[ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÇáÑøößóÇÒõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö æõÌõæÈõ ÇáúÎõãúÓö]
(1898) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÃóæúÌóÈó ÇáúÎõãúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú. æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÊóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÎóãúÓóÉö ÝõÕõæáò: (1899) ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøößóÇÒó ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö æõÌõæÈõ ÇáúÎõãúÓö ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÏöÝúäö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö. åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ æóãóÇáößò æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò.
æóíõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäú ÊõÑóì Úóáóíúåö ÚóáóÇãóÇÊõåõãú¡ ßóÃóÓúãóÇÁö ãõáõæßöåöãú¡ æóÕõæóÑöåöãú æóÕõáõÈöåöãú¡ æóÕõæóÑö ÃóÕúäóÇãöåöãú¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó. ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ÚóáóÇãóÉõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ Ãóæú ÇÓúãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÎõáóÝóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ Ãóæú æóÇáò áóåõãú¡ Ãóæú ÂíóÉñ ãöäú ÞõÑúÂäö ÃóæóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó¡ Ýóåõæó áõÞóØóÉñº áöÃóäøóåõ ãöáúßõ ãõÓúáöãò áóãú íõÚúáóãú ÒóæóÇáõåõ Úóäúåõ. æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖöåö ÚóáóÇãóÉõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÚóáóì ÈóÚúÖöåö ÚóáóÇãóÉõ ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó. äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö

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ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇÈúäö ãóäúÕõæÑòº áöÃóäøó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÕóÇÑó Åáóì ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóáóãú íõÚúáóãú ÒóæóÇáõåõ Úóäú ãöáúßö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚöåö ÚóáóÇãóÉõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.

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(1900) ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúáõæ ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóÞúÓóÇãò: ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ¡ Ãóäú íóÌöÏóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÊò¡ Ãóæú ãóÇ áóÇ íõÚúáóãõ áóåõ ãóÇáößñ¡ ãöËúáõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáøóÊöí íõæÌóÏõ ÝöíåóÇ ÂËóÇÑõ Çáúãõáúßö¡ ßóÇáúÃóÈúäöíóÉö ÇáúÞóÏöíãóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøõáõæáö¡ æóÌõÏúÑóÇäö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö¡ æóÞõÈõæÑöåöãú. ÝóåóÐóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÎöáóÇÝò¡ Óöæóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ. æóáóæú æóÌóÏóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Úóáóì æóÌúåöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ØóÑöíÞò ÛóíúÑö ãóÓúáõæßò¡ Ãóæú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÎóÑóÇÈò¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãöº áöãóÇ Ñóæóì ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÓõÆöáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäú ÇááøõÞóØóÉö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ØóÑöíÞò ãóÃúÊöíøò¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ÚóÇãöÑóÉò¡ ÝóÚóÑøöÝúåóÇ ÓóäóÉð¡ ÝóÅöäú ÌóÇÁó ÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ Ýóáóßó¡ æóãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöí ØóÑöíÞò ãóÃúÊöíøò¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ÚóÇãöÑóÉò¡ ÝóÝöíåö æóÝöí ÇáÑøößóÇÒö ÇáúÎõãõÓõ» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíø. ÇáúÞöÓúãõ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ Ãóäú íóÌöÏóåõ Ýöí ãöáúßöåö ÇáúãõäúÊóÞöáö Åáóíúåö¡ Ýóåõæó áóåõ Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäöº áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáõ ßóÇÝöÑò ãóÙúåõæÑñ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÝóßóÇäó áöãóäú ÙóåóÑó Úóáóíúåö ßóÇáúÛóäóÇÆöãö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáÑøößóÇÒó áóÇ íõãúáóßõ Èöãöáúßö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ãõæÏóÚñ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõãúáóßõ ÈöÇáÙøõåõæÑö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÞóÏú ÙóåóÑó Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó Ãóäú íóãúáößóåõ. æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ¡ åõæó áöáúãóÇáößö ÞóÈúáóåõ Åäú ÇÚúÊóÑóÝó Èöåö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóÚúÊóÑöÝú Èöåö Ýóåõæó áöáøóÐöí ÞóÈúáóåõ ßóÐóáößó Åáóì Ãóæøóáö ãóÇáößò. æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäóÊú íóÏõåõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøóÇÑö¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ.
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[ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Ýöí ÇáÑøößóÇÒö æóãóÕúÑöÝöåö]
(1903) ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ¡ Ýöí ÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Ýöí ÇáÑøößóÇÒö¡ æóãóÕúÑöÝöåö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÞóÏúÑõåõ Ýóåõæó ÇáúÎõãúÓõº áöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãöäú ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÕúÑöÝõåõ ÝóÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó Ýöíåö¡ ãóÚó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö. ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö: åõæó áöÃóåúáö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö. æóäóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÍóäúÈóáò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: íõÚúØöí ÇáúÎõãúÓó ãöäú ÇáÑøößóÇÒö Úóáóì ãóßóÇäöåö¡ æóÅöäú ÊóÕóÏøóÞó Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö ÃóÌúÒóÃóåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøöº áöÃóäøó Úóáóíøó Èúäó ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò¡ ÃóãóÑó ÕóÇÍöÈó ÇáúßóäúÒö Ãóäú íóÊóÕóÏøóÞó Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö. ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓóÚöíÏñ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõÝúíóÇäõ¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÈöÔúÑò ÇáúÎóËúÚóãöíøö¡ Úóäú ÑóÌõáò ãöäú Þóæúãöåö íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ: ÇÈúäõ ÍõãóãóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÓóÞóØúÊ Úóáóíøó ÌóÑøóÉò ãöäú ÏóíúÑò ÞóÏöíãò ÈöÇáúßõæÝóÉö¡ ÚöäúÏó ÌóÈøóÇäóÉö ÈöÔúÑò¡ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÂáóÇÝö ÏöÑúåóãò¡ ÝóÐóåóÈúÊ ÈöåóÇ Åáóì Úóáöíøò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇÞúÓöãúåóÇ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóÎúãóÇÓò. ÝóÞóÓóãúÊåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó Úóáöíøñ ãöäúåóÇ ÎõãúÓðÇ¡ æóÃóÚúØóÇäöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóÎúãóÇÓò¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÏúÈóÑúÊ ÏóÚóÇäöí¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Ýöí ÌöíÑóÇäöß ÝõÞóÑóÇÁõ æóãóÓóÇßöíäõ¿ ÞõáúÊ: äóÚóãú. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÎõÐúåóÇ ÝóÇÞúÓöãúåóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú.
æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãõÓúÊóÝóÇÏñ ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáúãóÚúÏöäó æóÇáÒøóÑúÚó. æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ¡ ãóÕúÑöÝõåõ ãóÕúÑöÝõ ÇáúÝóíúÁö. äóÞóáóåõ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍóßóãö¡ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó. æóåóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÃóÕóÍøõ¡ æóÃóÞúíóÓõ Úóáóì ãóÐúåóÈöåö. æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÇáúãõÒóäöíøõ áöãóÇ Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ Úóäú åõÔóíúãò Úóäú ãõÌóÇáöÏò Úóäú ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ æóÌóÏó ÃóáúÝó ÏöíäóÇÑò ãóÏúÝõæäóÉð ÎóÇÑöÌðÇ ãöäú ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ ÝóÃóÊóì ÈöåöãóÇ ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÎóãúÓó ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóÏóÝóÚó Åáóì ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÈóÞöíøóÊóåóÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáó ÚõãóÑõ íóÞúÓöãõ ÇáúãöÇÆóÊóíúäö Èóíúäó ãóäú ÍóÖóÑóåõ ãöäú ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ Åáóì Ãóäú ÝóÖóáó ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÖúáóÉñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Ãóíúäó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøóäóÇäöíÑö¿ ÝóÞóÇãó Åáóíúåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: ÎõÐú åóÐöåö ÇáÏøóäóÇäöíÑó Ýóåöíó áóßó. æóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ÒóßóÇÉð ÎóÕøó ÈöåóÇ ÃóåúáóåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÑõÏøóåõ Úóáóì æóÇÌöÏöåö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáÐøöãøöíøö¡ æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ ãóÎúãõæÓñ ÒóÇáóÊú Úóäúåõ íóÏõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ ÃóÔúÈóåó ÎõãúÓó ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉö.

[ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ Ýöí ãóäú íóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉ ÇáÑøößóÇÒö]
(1904) ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ¡ Ýöí ãóäú íóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ. æóåõæó ßõáøõ ãóäú æóÌóÏóåõ¡ ãöäú ãõÓúáöãò æóÐöãøöíøò¡ æóÍõÑøò æóÚóÈúÏò

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æóãõßóÇÊóÈò¡ æóßóÈöíÑò æóÕóÛöíÑò¡ æóÚóÇÞöáò æóãóÌúäõæäò¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÏó áóåõ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚóÈúÏðÇ Ýóåõæó áöÓóíøöÏöåöº áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÓúÈõ ãóÇáò¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáöÇÍúÊöÔóÇÔó æóÇáöÇÕúØöíóÇÏó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõßóÇÊóÈðÇ ãóáóßóåõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÎõãúÓõåõº áöÃóäøóåõ ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ßóÓúÈöåö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÕóÈöíøðÇ Ãóæú ãóÌúäõæäðÇ Ýóåõæó áóåõãóÇ¡ æóíõÎúÑöÌõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ æóáöíøõåõãóÇ. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö: ÃóÌúãóÚó ßõáøõ ãóäú äóÍúÝóÙõ Úóäúåõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Úóáóì ÇáÐøöãøöíøö Ýöí ÇáÑøößóÇÒö íóÌöÏõåõ ÇáúÎõãúÓó. ÞóÇáóåõ ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: áóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÇáúÎõãúÓõ ÅáøóÇ Úóáóì ãóäú ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõº áöÃóäøóåõ ÒóßóÇÉñ. æóÍõßöíó Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÈöíøö æóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÃóäøóåõãóÇ áóÇ íóãúáößóÇäö ÇáÑøößóÇÒó. æóÞóÇáó ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúæóÇÌöÏõ áóåõ ÚóÈúÏðÇ¡ íõÑúÖóÎõ áóåõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÚúØóÇåõ ßõáøóåõ. æóáóäóÇ¡ Úõãõæãõ Þóæúáöåö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: «æóÝöí ÇáÑøößóÇÒö ÇáúÎõãõÓõ» . ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ ÈöÚõãõæãöåö Úóáóì æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÎõãúÓö Ýöí ßõáøö ÑößóÇÒò íõæÌóÏõ¡ æóÈöãóÝúåõæãöåö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÈóÇÞöíóåõ áöæóÇÌöÏöåö ãóäú ßóÇäó¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáõ ßóÇÝöÑò ãóÙúåõæÑñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó Ýöíåö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ Úóáóì ãóäú æóÌóÏóåõ æóÈóÇÞöíå áöæóÇÌöÏöåö¡ ßóÇáúÛóäöíãóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÇßúÊöÓóÇÈõ ãóÇáò¡ ÝóßóÇäó áöãõßúÊóÓöÈöåö Åäú ßóÇäó ÍõÑøðÇ¡ Ãóæú áöÓóíøöÏöåö Åäú ßóÇäó ÚóÈúÏðÇ¡ ßóÇáöÇÍúÊöÔóÇÔö¡ æóÇáöÇÕúØöíóÇÏö. æóíóÊóÎóÑøóÌõ áóäóÇ Ãóäú áóÇ íóÌöÈó ÇáúÎõãúÓõ ÅáøóÇ Úóáóì ãóäú ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì ÞóæúáöäóÇ Åäøóåõ ÒóßóÇÉñ. æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÕóÍøõ. (1905)
ÝóÕúáñ: æóíóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íóÊóæóáøóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÊóÝúÑöÞóÉó ÇáúÎõãúÓö ÈöäóÝúÓöåö. æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ áöÃóäøó ÚóáöíøðÇ ÃóãóÑó æóÇÌöÏó ÇáúßóäúÒö ÈöÊóÝúÑöÞóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö. ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ. æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÏøóì ÇáúÍóÞøó Åáóì ãõÓúÊóÍöÞøöåö¡ ÝóÈóÑöÆó ãöäúåõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÝóÑøóÞó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó¡ Ãóæú ÃóÏøóì ÇáÏøóíúäó Åáóì ÑóÈøöåö. æóíóÊóÎóÑøóÌõ Ãóäú áóÇ íóÌõæÒó Ðóáößóº áöÃóäøó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó Ãóäøóåõ ÝóíúÁñ¡ Ýóáóãú íóãúáößú ÊóÝúÑöÞóÊóåõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ßóÎõãúÓö ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉö. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò.
ÞóÇáó: æóÅöäú ÝóÚóáó Öóãøóäóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: æóáóíúÓó áöáúÅöãóÇãö ÑóÏøõ ÎóãúÓö ÇáÑøößóÇÒöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÞøõ ãóÇáò¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌõÒú ÑóÏøõåõ Úóáóì ãóäú æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóÎõãúÓö ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÞöíáò: íóÌõæÒõº áöÃóäøóåõ Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÏøó ÈóÚúÖóåõ Úóáóì æóÇÌöÏöåö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÝóíúÁñ¡ ÝóÌóÇÒó ÑóÏøõåõ Ãóæú ÑóÏøõ ÈóÚúÖöåö Úóáóì æóÇÌöÏöåö¡ ßóÎóÑóÇÌö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö íóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÝõÕõæáò ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò]
[ÇáúÝóÕúá ÇáúÃóæøóá Ýöí ÕöÝóÉö ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö æõÌõæÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö]
(1906) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäú ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäö ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ¡ Ãóæú ãöäú ÇáúæóÑöÞö ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò¡ Ãóæú ÞöíãóÉó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÇáÒøöÆúÈóÞö æóÇáÑøóÕóÇÕö æóÇáÕøõÝúÑö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ íõÓúÊóÎúÑóÌõ ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ãöäú æóÞúÊöåö) ÇÔúÊöÞóÇÞõ ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö ãöäú ÚóÏóäó Ýöí ÇáúãóßóÇäö¡ íóÚúÏöäõ: ÅÐóÇ ÃóÞóÇãó Èöåö. æóãöäúåõ ÓõãøöíóÊú ÌóäøóÉó ÚóÏúäò¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÏóÇÑõ ÅÞóÇãóÉò

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æóÎõáõæÏò. ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäõ: åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÓúÊóäúÈóØõ¡ áóíúÓó åõæó ÔóíúÁñ ÏõÝöäó.
æóÇáúßóáóÇãõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ÝõÕõæáò ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò: (1907) ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ¡ Ýöí ÕöÝóÉö ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö æõÌõæÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö. æóåõæó ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÎóÑóÌó ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÎúáóÞõ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöãøóÇ áóåõ ÞöíãóÉñ¡ ßóÇóáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö æóäóÍúæöåö ãöäú ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö¡ æóÇáúíóÇÞõæÊö¡ æóÇáÒøóÈóÑúÌóÏö¡ æóÇáúÈöáøóæúÑö¡ æóÇáúÚóÞöíÞö¡ æóÇáÓøóÈóÌö¡ æóÇáúßõÍúáö¡ æóÇáÒøóÇÌøö. æóÇáÒøöÑúäöíÎö¡ æóÇáúãóÛúÑóÉö. æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäõ ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉõ¡ ßóÇáúÞóÇÑö¡ æóÇáäøöÝúØö¡ æóÇáúßöÈúÑöíÊö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: áóÇ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÅáøóÇ ÈöÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉöº áöÞóæúáö ÇáäøóÈöíøö: - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - «áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÍóÌóÑò.» æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ íõÞóæøóãõ ÈöÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ãõÓúÊóÝóÇÏñ ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáØøöíäó ÇáúÃóÍúãóÑó.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ Ýöí ÅÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Úóäúåõ: ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Èößõáøö ãóÇ íóäúØóÈöÚõ¡ ßóÇáÑøóÕóÇÕö æóÇáúÍóÏöíÏö æóÇáäøõÍóÇÓö¡ Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö. æóáóäóÇ¡ Úõãõæãõ Þóæúáå ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóãöãøóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÃóÑúÖö} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 267] æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÚúÏöäñ¡ ÝóÊóÚóáøóÞóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÈöÇáúÎóÇÑöÌö ãöäúåõ ßóÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ áóæú Ûóäöãóåõ æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÎõãúÓõåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãöäú ãóÚúÏöäò æóÌóÈóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ßóÇáÐøóåóÈö. æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáØøöíäõ ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöãóÚúÏöäòº áöÃóäøóåõ ÊõÑóÇÈñ. æóÇáúãóÚúÏöäõ: ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÌöäúÓöåóÇ.

[ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö ãöäú ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö æóÕöÝóÊöåö]
(1908) ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ Ýöí ÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö æóÕöÝóÊöåö¡ æóÞóÏúÑõ ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Ýöíåö ÑõÈúÚõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö. æóÕöÝóÊõåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÒóßóÇÉñ. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóãóÇáößò æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: ÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ¡ æóåõæó ÝóíúÁñ. æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: åõæó ÒóßóÇÉñ. æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÞóÏúÑöåö ßóÇáúãóÐúåóÈóíúäö. æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãöäú ÃóæúÌóÈó ÇáúÎõãúÓó ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöí ØóÑöíÞò ãóÃúÊöíøò¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ÚóÇãöÑóÉò¡ ÝóÝöíåö æóÝöí ÇáÑøößóÇÒö ÇáúÎõãõÓõ» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíø¡ æóÇáúÌõæÒóÌóÇäöíøõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ. æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: «ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÎóÑóÇÈö¡ ÝóÝöíåö æóÝöí ÇáÑøößóÇÒö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ» .
æóÑóæóì ÓóÚöíÏñ¡ æóÇáúÌõæÒóÌóÇäöíøõ¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåöãóÇ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúãóÞúÈõÑöíøö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÇáÑøößóÇÒõ åõæó ÇáÐøóåóÈõ ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÈõÊõ ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö» . æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËò Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «æóÝöí ÇáÑøößóÇÒö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ¡ Þöíáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ æóãóÇ ÇáÑøößóÇÒõ¿ ÞóÇáó: åõæó ÇáÐøóåóÈõ æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóæúãó ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó» . æóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ. æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËò Úóäúåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «æóÝöí ÇáÓøõíõæÈö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ» .
ÞóÇáó: æóÇáÓøõíõæÈõ ÚõÑõæÞõ ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÍúÊó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ ãóÙúåõæÑñ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáÑøößóÇÒó. æóáóäóÇ¡ ãóÇ Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ Úóäú ÛóíúÑö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ÚõáóãóÇÆöåöãú¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - «ÃóÞúØóÚó ÈöáóÇáó Èúäó ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÇáúãõÒóäöíøó ãóÚóÇÏöäó ÇáúÞóÈóáöíøóÉö Ýöí äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúÝóÑúÚö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÊöáúßó ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäõ

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áóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåóÇ ÅáøóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Åáóì Çáúíóæúãö» . æóÞóÏú ÃóÓúäóÏóåõ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ßóËöíÑö Èúäö ÚóæúÝò¡ Åáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö. æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÏøóÑóÇæóÑúÏöíøõ¡ Úóäú ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö Èúäö ÈöáóÇáö Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÇáúãõÒóäöíø¡ «Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÎóÐó ãöäúåõ ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäö ÇáúÞóÈóáöíøóÉö.» ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: ÇáúÞóÈóáöíøóÉõ ÈöáóÇÏñ ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÒö. æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÞøñ íóÍúÑõãõ Úóáóì ÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö Ðóæöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÒóßóÇÉð¡ ßóÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Ýöí ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú ãóãúáõæßóÉð áóåõ. æóÍóÏöíËõåõãú ÇáúÃóæøóáõ áóÇ íóÊóäóÇæóáõ ãóÍóáøó ÇáäøöÒóÇÚöº áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅäøóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÌóæóÇÈö ÓõÄóÇáöåö Úóäú ÇááøõÞóØóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöáõÞóØóÉò¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóäóÇæóáõ ÇÓúãóåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ãõÊóäóÇæöáðÇ áöãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö.
æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáËøóÇäöí íóÑúæöíåö ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏò¡ æóåõæó ÖóÚöíÝñ. æóÓóÇÆöÑõ ÃóÍóÇÏöíËöåöãú áóÇ íõÚúÑóÝõ ÕöÍøóÊõåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ åöíó ãóÐúßõæÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓóÇäöíÏö æóÇáÏøóæóÇæöíäö. Ëõãøó åöíó ãóÊúÑõæßóÉõ ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ áóíúÓó åõæó ÇáúãõÓóãøóì ÈöÇáÑøößóÇÒö. æóÇáÓøõíõæÈõ: åõæó ÇáÑøößóÇÒõ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÔúÊóÞøñ ãöäú ÇáÓøóíúÈö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóØóÇÁõ ÇáúÌóÒöíáõ.

[ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ Ýöí äöÕóÇÈö ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäö]
(1909) ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ¡ Ýöí äöÕóÇÈö ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäö æóåõæó ãóÇ íóÈúáõÛõ ãöäú ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ¡ æóãöäú ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò¡ Ãóæú ÞöíãóÉó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ. æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóæúÌóÈó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÇáúÎõãúÓó Ýöí Þóáöíáöåö æóßóËöíÑöåö¡ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö äöÕóÇÈò¡ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÑößóÇÒñº áöÚõãõæãö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ áóåõ Íóæúáñ¡ Ýóáóãú íõÚúÊóÈóÑú áóåõ äöÕóÇÈñ ßóÇáÑøößóÇÒö. æóáóäóÇ¡ Úõãõæãõ Þóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓö ÃóæóÇÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóÞóæúáöåö: «áóíúÓó Ýöí ÊöÓúÚöíäó æóãöÇÆóÉò ÔóíúÁñ.» æóÞóæúáöåö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: «áóíúÓó Úóáóíúßõãú Ýöí ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÔóíúÁñ¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ» . æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÑößóÇÒò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ãõÝóÇÑöÞñ áöáÑøößóÇÒö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ Åäøó ÇáÑøößóÇÒó ãóÇáõ ßóÇÝöÑò ÃõÎöÐó Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉó.
æóåóÐóÇ æóÌóÈó ãõæóÇÓóÇÉð æóÔõßúÑðÇ áöäöÚúãóÉö ÇáúÛöäóì¡ ÝóÇÚúÊõÈöÑó áóåõ ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáÒøóßóæóÇÊö. æóÅöäøóãóÇ áóãú íõÚúÊóÈóÑú áóåõ ÇáúÍóæúáõº áöÍõÕõæáöåö ÏõÝúÚóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉò¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáÒøõÑõæÚó æóÇáËøöãóÇÑó. ÅÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö ÏõÝúÚóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð Ãóæú ÏóÝóÚóÇÊò¡ áóÇ íõÊúÑóßõ ÇáúÚóãóáõ Èóíúäóåõäøó ÊóÑúßó ÅåúãóÇáò¡ ÝóÅöäú ÎóÑóÌó Ïõæäó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÑóßó ÇáúÚóãóáó ãõåúãöáðÇ áóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÎúÑóÌó Ïõæäó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíåöãóÇ æóÅöäú ÈóáóÛóÇ ÈöãóÌúãõæÚöåöãóÇ äöÕóÇÈðÇ. æóÅöäú ÈóáóÛó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ äöÕóÇÈðÇ Ïõæäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ Òóßøóì ÇáäøöÕóÇÈó¡ æóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎóÑö. æóÝöíãóÇ ÒóÇÏó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö ÈöÍöÓóÇÈöåö.
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÚóãóáö áóíúáðÇ¡ Ãóæú áöáöÇÓúÊöÑóÇÍóÉö¡ Ãóæú áöÚõÐúÑò ãöäú ãóÑóÖò¡ Ãóæú áöÅöÕúáóÇÍö ÇáúÃóÏóÇÉö¡ Ãóæú ÅÈóÇÞö ÚóÈöíÏöåö æóäóÍúæöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÞúØóÚõ Íõßúãó ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóíõÖóãøõ ãóÇ ÎóÑóÌó Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáóíúäö ÈóÚúÖõåõ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÅßúãóÇáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö. æóßóÐóáößó Åäú ßóÇäó ãõÔúÊóÛöáðÇ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÝóÎóÑóÌó Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÚúÏöäóíúäö ÊõÑóÇÈñ¡ áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Ýöíåö. æóÅöäú ÇÔúÊóãóáó ÇáúãóÚúÏöäõ Úóáóì ÃóÌúäóÇÓò¡ ßóãóÚúÏöäò Ýöíåö ÇáÐøóåóÈõ æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ.
ÝóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ

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ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ Ýöí ÇáúÌöäúÓö ÈöÇäúÝöÑóÇÏöåöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÌúäóÇÓñ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßúãõáõ äöÕóÇÈõ ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÈöÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ßóÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö. æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ¡ Åäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ Åäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãóÚúÏöäõ íóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÐóåóÈò æóÝöÖøóÉò ÝóÝöí Öóãøö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎöÑö æóÌúåóÇäöº ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Ýöí Öóãøö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöíåö ÃóÌúäóÇÓñ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ Öõãøó ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó Ýöí ÞöíãóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÞöíãóÉõ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåóÊú ÚõÑõæÖó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö.
æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö¡ æóÌöäúÓñ ÂÎóÑõ¡ Öõãøó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊõÖóãøõ ÇáúÚõÑõæÖ Åáóì ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö. æóÅöäú ÇÓúÊóÎúÑóÌó äöÕóÇÈðÇ ãöäú ãóÚúÏöäóíúäö¡ æóÌóÈóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöíåöº áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáõ ÑóÌõáò æóÇÍöÏò¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáÒøóÑúÚó Ýöí ãóßóÇäóíúäö.

[ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö Ýöí æóÞúÊö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö áöÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÒóßóÇÉ ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäö]
(1910) ÇáúÝóÕúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö¡ Ýöí æóÞúÊö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ æóÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöíåö Íöíäó íóÊóäóÇæóáõåõ æóíóßúãõáõ äöÕóÇÈõåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ áóåõ Íóæúáñ. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÃúíö.
æóÞóÇáó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö: áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö ÍóÊøóì íóÍõæáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóæúáõº áöÞóæúáö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ãóÇáò ÍóÊøóì íóÍõæáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóæúáõ» . æóáóäóÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ ãõÓúÊóÝóÇÏñ ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÍóÞøöåö Íóæúáñ¡ ßóÇáÒøóÑúÚö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö æóÇáÑøößóÇÒö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóæúáó ÅäøóãóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ áöÊóßúãöíáö ÇáäøóãóÇÁö¡ æóåõæó íóÊóßóÇãóáõ äóãóÇÄõåõ ÏõÝúÚóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ áóåõ Íóæúáñ ßóÇáÒøõÑõæÚö¡ æóÇáúÎóÈóÑõ ãóÎúÕõæÕñ ÈöÇáÒøóÑúÚö æóÇáËøóãóÑö¡ ÝóíõÎóÕøõ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö ÈöÇáúÞöíóÇÓö Úóáóíúåö. ÅÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó åóÐóÇ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÒóßóÇÊöåö ÅáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÓóÈúßöåö¡ æóÊóÕúÝöíóÊöåö¡ ßóÚõÔúÑö ÇáúÍóÈøö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÑõÈúÚó ÚõÔúÑö ÊõÑóÇÈöåö ÞóÈúáó ÊóÕúÝöíóÊöåö¡ æóÌóÈó ÑóÏøõåõ Åäú ßóÇäó ÈóÇÞöíðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÞöíãóÊõåõ Åäú ßóÇäó ÊóÇáöÝðÇ.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ Ýöí ÞóÏúÑö ÇáúãóÞúÈõæÖö Þóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎöÐöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÛóÇÑöãñ¡ ÝóÅöäú ÕóÝøóÇåõ ÇáúÂÎöÐõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÞóÏúÑó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ ÃóÌúÒóÃó¡ æóÅöäú ÒóÇÏó ÑóÏøó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉó¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÓúãóÍó áóåõ ÇáúãõÎúÑöÌõ. æóÅöäú äóÞóÕó ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúãõÎúÑöÌö. æóãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞóåõ ÇáúÂÎöÐõ Úóáóì ÊóÕúÝöíóÊöåö¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäú ãóÇáöåö¡ áóÇ íóÑúÌöÚõ Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÇáößö æóáóÇ íóÍúÊóÓöÈõ ÇáúãóÇáößõ ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÎúÑóÇÌöåö ãöäú ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÊóÕúÝöíóÊöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: áóÇ ÊóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáúãõÄúäóÉõ ãöäú ÍóÞøöåö. æóÔóÈøóåóåõ ÈöÇáúÛóäöíãóÉö¡ æóÈóäóÇåõ Úóáóì ÃóÕúáöåö Ýöí Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÑößóÇÒñ Ýöíåö ÇáúÎõãúÓõ. æóÞóÏú ãóÖóì ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Ýöí Ðóáößó. æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÒóßóÇÉñ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÍúÊóÓóÈõ ÈöãõÄúäóÉö ÇÓúÊöÎúÑóÇÌöåö ÝóÊóÕúÝöíóÊöåö ßóÇáúÍóÈøö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÏóíúäðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇÍúÊóÓóÈó Èöåö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÍúÊóÓöÈõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞó Úóáóì ÇáÒøóÑúÚö.

[ÝóÕúáõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÎúÑóÌö ãöäú ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ßóÇááøõÄúáõÄö æóÇáúãóÑúÌóÇäö æóÇáúÚóäúÈóÑö æóäóÍúæöåö]
(1911) ÝóÕúáñ: æóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÎúÑóÌö ãöäú ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ ßóÇááøõÄúáõÄö æóÇáúãóÑúÌóÇäö æóÇáúÚóäúÈóÑö æóäóÍúæöåö¡ Ýöí ÙóÇåöÑö Þóæúáö ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö¡ æóÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò. æóÑõæöíó äóÍúæõ Ðóáößó Úóäú ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò. æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ Èúäõ ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò.
æóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉóº áöÃóäøóåõ ÎóÇÑöÌñ ãöäú ãóÚúÏöäò¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌó ãöäú ãóÚúÏöäö ÇáúÈóÑøö. æóíõÍúßóì Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÎóÐó ãöäú ÇáúÚóäúÈóÑö ÇáúÎõãúÓó. æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö. æóÒóÇÏó ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇááøõÄúáõÄö íõÎúÑóÌõ ãöäú ÇáúÈóÍúÑö.

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æóáóäóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò. ÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÚóäúÈóÑö ÔóíúÁñ¡ ÅäøóãóÇ åõæó ÔóíúÁñ ÃóáúÞóÇåõ ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ. æóÚóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò äóÍúæõåõ. ÑóæóÇåõãóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò.
æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÏú ßóÇäó íóÎúÑõÌõ Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÎõáóÝóÇÆöåö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÃúÊö Ýöíåö ÓõäøóÉñ Úóäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ Úóäú ÃóÍóÏò ãöäú ÎõáóÝóÇÆöåö ãöäú æóÌúåò íóÕöÍøõ¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúæõÌõæÈö Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÞöíóÇÓõåõ Úóáóì ãóÚúÏöäö ÇáúÈóÑøöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóäúÈóÑó ÅäøóãóÇ íõáúÞöíå ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ¡ ÝóíõæÌóÏõ ãõáúÞðì Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑøö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÊóÚóÈò¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáúãõÈóÇÍóÇÊö ÇáúãóÃúÎõæÐóÉó ãöäú ÇáúÈóÑøö¡ ßóÇáúãóäøö æóÇáÒøóäúÌóÈöíáö¡ æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóßõ ÝóáóÇ ÔóíúÁó Ýöíåö ÈöÍóÇáò¡ Ýöí Þóæúáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ßóÇÝøóÉð¡ ÅáøóÇ ÔóíúÁñ íõÑúæóì Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö. ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò Úóäúåõ. æóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ¡ æóáóÇ äóÚúáóãõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ íóÚúãóáõ Èöåö. æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Ðóáößó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÃóíúÖðÇ. æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Ýöíåöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÕóíúÏñ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌöÈú Ýöíåö ÒóßóÇÉñ ßóÕóíúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ äóÕøó æóáóÇ ÅÌúãóÇÚó Úóáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÈö Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÞöíóÇÓõåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÝóáóÇ æóÌúåó áöÅöíÌóÇÈöåóÇ Ýöíåö.

[ÝóÕúá ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäõ ÇáúÌóÇãöÏóÉõ Êõãúáóßõ Èöãöáúßö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÝöíåóÇ]
(1912) ÝóÕóáøö: æóÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäõ ÇáúÌóÇãöÏóÉõ Êõãúáóßõ Èöãöáúßö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÝöíåóǺ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäú ÃóÌúÒóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ Ýóåöíó ßóÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö æóÇáúÃóÍúÌóÇÑö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáÑøößóÇÒö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäú ÃóÌúÒóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãõæÏóÚñ ÝöíåóÇ. æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó ãóæúáóì ÈöáóÇáö Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÇáúãõÒóäöíø¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÃóÞúØóÚó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöáóÇáðÇ ÃóÑúÖó ßóÐóÇ¡ ãöäú ãóßóÇäö ßóÐóÇ Åáóì ßóÐóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÌóÈóáò Ãóæú ãóÚúÏöäò. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÈóÇÚó Èóäõæ ÈöáóÇáò ãöäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÃóÑúÖðÇ¡ ÝóÎóÑóÌó ÝöíåóÇ ãóÚúÏöäóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅäøóãóÇ ÈöÚúäóÇßó ÃóÑúÖó ÍóÑúËò¡ æóáóãú äóÈöÚúßó ÇáúãóÚúÏöäó. æóÌóÇÁõæÇ ÈößöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÞóØöíÚóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóØóÚóåóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöÃóÈöíåöãú Ýöí ÌóÑöíÏóÉò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÌóÚóáó ÚõãóÑõ íóãúÓóÍõåóÇ Úóáóì Úóíúäóíúåö¡ æóÞóÇáó áöÞóíøöãöåö: ÇõäúÙõÑú ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÎúÑóÌúÊ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞúÊ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇÕøöåöãú ÈöÇáäøóÝóÞóÉö¡ æóÑõÏøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÇáúÝóÖúáó.» ÝóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÌöÏõåõ Ýöí ãöáúßò Ãóæú Ýöí ãóæóÇÊò Ýóåõæó ÃóÍóÞøõ Èöåö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÓóÈóÞó ÇËúäóÇäö Åáóì ãóÚúÏöäò Ýöí ãóæóÇÊò¡ ÝóÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõ Ãóæúáóì Èöåö ãóÇ ÏóÇãó íóÚúãóáõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÑóßóåõ ÌóÇÒó áöÛóíúÑöåö ÇáúÚóãóáõ Ýöíåö. æóãóÇ íóÌöÏõåõ Ýöí ãóãúáõæßò íóÚúÑöÝõ ãóÇáößóåõ¡ Ýóåõæó áöãóÇáößö ÇáúãóßóÇäö.
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäõ ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉõ¡ Ýóåöíó ãõÈóÇÍóÉñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò. ÅáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íõßúÑóåõ áóåõ ÏõÎõæáõ ãöáúßö ÛóíúÑöåö ÅáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö. æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó ÃóäøóåóÇ: Êõãúáóßõ Èöãöáúßö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÝöíåóǺ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú äóãóÇÆöåóÇ æóÊóæóÇÈöÚöåóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú áöãóÇáößö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ßóÝõÑõæÚö ÇáÔøóÌóÑö Çáúãóãúáõæßö æóËóãóÑóÊöåö.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÈóíúÚõ ÊõÑóÇÈö ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö æóÇáÕøóÇÛóÉö]
(1913) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíóÌõæÒõ ÈóíúÚõ ÊõÑóÇÈö ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö æóÇáÕøóÇÛóÉö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÌöäúÓöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÈöÌöäúÓöåö Åäú ßóÇäó ãöãøóÇ íóÌúÑöí Ýöíåö ÇáÑøöÈóǺ áöÃóäøóåõ íõÄóÏøöí Åáóì ÇáÑøöÈóÇ. æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ æóÌóÈóÊú Ýöí íóÏöåö¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÈóÇÚó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó ÈóÚúÏó ÈõÏõæøö ÕóáóÇÍöåóÇ. æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì

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ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÇáúãõÒóäöíø ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÊõÑóÇÈó ãóÚúÏöäò ÈöãöÇÆóÉö ÔóÇÉò ãõÊúÈöÚò ÝóÇÓúÊóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåõ Ëóãóäó ÃóáúÝö ÔóÇÉò. ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚõ: ÑõÏøó Úóáóíøó ÇáúÈóíúÚó. ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÃóÝúÚóáõ. ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÂÊöíóäøó ÚóáöíøðÇ ÝóáóÂÊöíóäøó Úóáóíúßó - íóÚúäöí ÃóÓúÚóì Èößó - ÝóÃóÊóì Úóáóíøó Èúäó ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÃóÕóÇÈó ãóÚúÏöäðÇ. ÝóÃóÊóÇåõ Úóáöíøñ. ÝóÞóÇáó: Ãóíúäó ÇáÑøößóÇÒõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÕóÈúÊ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ãóÇ ÃóÕóÈúÊ ÑößóÇÒðÇ¡ ÅäøóãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóåõ åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÇÔúÊóÑóíúÊå ãöäúåõ ÈöãöÇÆóÉö ÔóÇÉò ãõÊúÈöÚò. ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ Úóáöíøñ ãóÇ ÃóÑóì ÇáúÎõãúÓó ÅáøóÇ Úóáóíúßó. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÎóãúÓõ ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö ÔóÇÉò. ÅÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö¡ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáËøóãóäöº áöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÚóáøóÞóÊú ÈöÚóíúäö ÇáúãóÚúÏöäö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÞöíãóÊöåö Åäú áóãú íóßõäú ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ áóæú ÈóÇÚó ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉó ÈóÚúÏó ÍóæúáöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú ÇáÒøóÑúÚó Ãóæú ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó ÈóÚúÏó ÈõÏõæøö ÕóáóÇÍöåóÇ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÃóÌøóÑó ÏóÇÑöåö ÝóÞóÈóÖó ßóÑøóÇåóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Úóáóíúåö Ýöíåö ÍóÊøóì íóÍõæáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóæúáõ]
(1914) ÝóÕúáñ: æóãöäú ÃóÌóÑó ÏóÇÑöåö¡ ÝóÞóÈóÖó ßöÑóÇåóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Úóáóíúåö Ýöíåö ÍóÊøóì íóÍõæáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóæúáõ¡ æóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Ãóäøóåõ íõÒóßøöíå ÅÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóÝóÇÏóåõ. æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõº áöÞóæúáö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ãóÇáò ÍóÊøóì íóÍõæáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóæúáõ» . æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ ãõÓúÊóÝóÇÏñ ÈöÚóÞúÏö ãõÚóÇæóÖóÉò¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó Ëóãóäó ÇáúãóÈöíÚö. æóßóáóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Ýöí ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ãóÍúãõæáñ Úóáóì ãóäú ÃóÌóÑó ÏóÇÑöåö ÓóäóÉð¡ æóÞóÈóÖó ÃõÌúÑóÊóåóÇ Ýöí ÂÎöÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóæúÌóÈó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÒóßóÇÊóåóÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÏú ãóáóßóåóÇ ãöäú Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÍóæúáö¡ ÝóÕóÇÑóÊú ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáÏøõíõæäö¡ ÅÐóÇ ÞóÈóÖóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Íóæúáò ÒóßøóÇåóÇ Íöíäó íóÞúÈöÖõåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóíõÍúãóáõ ãõØúáóÞõ ßóáóÇãöåö Úóáóì ãõÞóíøóÏöåö.

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