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 [ÈóÇÈõ ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáÒøõÑõæÚ æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö]
ö æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ¡ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõº ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÞóæúáõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: {íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÃóäúÝöÞõæÇ ãöäú ØóíøöÈóÇÊö ãóÇ ßóÓóÈúÊõãú æóãöãøóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÃóÑúÖö} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 267] æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÊõÓóãøóì äóÝóÞóÉð¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáå ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóßúäöÒõæäó ÇáÐøóåóÈó æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉó æóáÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäóåóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö} [ÇáÊæÈÉ: 34] . æóÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÂÊõæÇ ÍóÞøóåõ íóæúãó ÍóÕóÇÏöåö} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 141] . ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÍóÞøõåõ: ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÇáúãóÝúÑõæÖóÉõ. æóÞóÇáó ãóÑøóÉð: ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ¡ æóäöÕúÝõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö. . æóãöäú ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Þóæúáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóæúÓõÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÚóäú ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ «Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: ÝöíãóÇ ÓóÞóÊú ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ æóÇáúÚõíõæäõ æóßóÇäó ÚóËóÑöíøðÇ ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ¡ æóÝöíãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÇáäøóÖúÍö äöÕúÝõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö» . ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏ¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ. æóÚóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò¡ Ãóäøóåõ «ÓóãöÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ: ÝöíãóÇ ÓóÞóÊú ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ æóÇáúÛóíúãõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ¡ æóÝöíãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÇáÓøóÇäöíóÉö äöÕúÝõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö» ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãõÓúáöãñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏ. æóÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉó æóÇÌöÈóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö¡ æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóãúÑö¡ æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈö.
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(1823) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö (æóßõáøõ ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌó Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöãøóÇ íóíúÈóÓõ æóíóÈúÞóì¡ ãöãøóÇ íõßóÇáõ æóíóÈúáõÛõ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò ÝóÕóÇÚöÏðÇ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ¡ Åäú ßóÇäó ÓóÞúíõåõ ãöäú ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æÇáÓæÍ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó íõÓúÞóì ÈöÇáÏøóæóÇáöí æóÇáäøóæóÇÖöÍö æóãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúßóáóÝõ¡ ÝóäöÕúÝõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö) .
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æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚóØóÇÁñ Ýöí ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóäóÍúæõåõ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí íõæÓõÝó æóãõÍóãøóÏò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãóÇ ÞóÇáóÇ: áóÇ ÔóíúÁó ÝöíãóÇ ÊõÎúÑöÌõåõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ¡ ÅáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ËóãóÑóÉñ ÈóÇÞöíóÉñ¡ íóÈúáõÛõ ãóßöíáõåóÇ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÍóÇãöÏò: áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÈóÇÒöíÑö¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúÈõÒõæÑö¡ æóáóÇ ÍóÈøö ÇáúÈõÞõæáö. æóáóÚóáøóåõ áóÇ íõæÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÅáøóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ßóÇäó ÞõæÊðÇ Ãóæú ÃõÏúãðǺ áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇåõ áóÇ äóÕøó Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ åõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö ÝóíóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúíö ÇáúÃóÕúáöíøö. æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ËóãóÑò¡ ÅáøóÇ ÇáÊøóãúÑó æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈó¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÍóÈøò¡ ÅáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÞõæÊðÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö áöÐóáößó¡ ÅáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö¡ Úóáóì ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝò.
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æóÇáÓøõáúÊ: äóæúÚñ ãöäú ÇáÔøóÚöíÑö. æóæóÇÝóÞóåõãú ÅÈúÑóÇåöíãõ¡ æóÒóÇÏó ÇáÐøõÑóÉó. æóæóÇÝóÞóåõãú ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÒóÇÏó ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäóº áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ åóÐóÇ áóÇ äóÕøó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ÅÌúãóÇÚó¡ æóáóÇ åõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãõÌúãóÚö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóíóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö. æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÅäøóãóÇ Óóäøó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈö.» æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö¡ Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «æóÇáúÚõÔúÑõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈö¡ æóÇáúÍöäúØóÉö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö» . æóÚóäú ãõæÓóì Èúäö ØóáúÍóÉó¡ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÅäøóãóÇ Óóäøó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö: ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö¡ æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóãúÑö¡ æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈö.» æóÚóäú ÃóÈöí ÈõÑúÏóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì æóãõÚóÇÐò¡ «Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈóÚóËóåõãóÇ Åáóì Çáúíóãóäö íõÚóáøöãóÇäö ÇáäøóÇÓó ÃóãúÑó Ïöíäöåöãú¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóåõãú Ãóäú áóÇ íóÃúÎõÐõæÇ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉó ÅáøóÇ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö: ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö¡ æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóãúÑö¡ æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈö» . ÑóæóÇåõäøó ßõáøóåõäøó ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíø.
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æóæóÌúåõ Þóæúáö ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö¡ Ãóäøó Úõãõæãó Þóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «ÝöíãóÇ ÓóÞóÊú ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ» . æóÞóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - áöãõÚóÇÐò: «ÎõÐú ÇáúÍóÈøó ãöäú ÇáúÍóÈøö» . íóÞúÊóÖöí æõÌõæÈó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ ÊóäóÇæóáóåõ¡ ÎóÑóÌó ãöäúåõ ãóÇ áóÇ íõßóÇáõ¡ æóãóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÍóÈøò¡ ÈöãóÝúåõæãö Þóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «áóíúÓó Ýöí ÍóÈøò æóáóÇ ÊóãúÑò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò» . ÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ. ÝóÏóáøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóáóì ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãöãøóÇ áóÇ¡ ÊóæúÓöíÞó Ýöíåö¡ æóåõæó ãößúíóÇáñ¡ ÝóÝöíãóÇ åõæó ãóßöíáñ íóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãöãøóÇ Óöæóì Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáÊøóæúÓöíÞö.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú Úóáöíøò¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÎóÖúÑóÇæóÇÊö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóÚóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ ÃóäúÈóÊóÊú ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãöäú ÇáúÎóÖöÑö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóÚóäú ãõæÓóì Èúäö ØóáúÍóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ æóÚóäú ÃóäóÓò¡ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöËúáõåõ. ÑóæóÇåõäøó ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíø. æóÑóæóì ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú «ãõÚóÇÐò¡ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÊóÈó Åáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÓúÃóáõåõ Úóäú ÇáúÎóÖúÑóÇæóÇÊö¡ æóåöíó: ÇáúÈõÞõæáõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó ÝöíåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ» . æóÞóÇáó: íóÑúæöíå ÇáúÍóÓóäõ Èúäõ ÚõãóÇÑóÉó¡ æóåõæó ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøóåõ Úóäú ãõæÓóì Èúäö ØóáúÍóÉó¡ Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõÑúÓóáñ.
æóÞóÇáó ãõæÓóì Èúäõ ØóáúÍóÉó: ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÃóËóÑõ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóÔúíóÇÁó: ÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÇáúÍöäúØóÉö¡ æóÇáÓøõáúÊ¡ æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈö¡ æóÇáÊøóãúÑö¡ æóãóÇ Óöæóì Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóÊú ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÝóáóÇ ÚõÔúÑó Ýöíåö. æóÞóÇáó: Åäøó ãõÚóÇÐðÇ áóãú íóÃúÎõÐú ãöäú ÇáúÎóÖöÑö ÕóÏóÞóÉð. æóÑóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö¡ Ãóäøó ÚóÇãöáó ÚõãóÑó ßóÊóÈó Åáóíúåö Ýöí ßõÑõæãò¡ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÇáúÝöÑúÓößö æóÇáÑøõãøóÇäö ãóÇ åõæó ÃóßúËóÑõ ÛóáøóÉð ãöäú ÇáúßõÑõæãö ÃóÖúÚóÇÝðÇ ÝóßóÊóÈó ÚõãóÑõ: Åäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÚõÔúÑñ¡ åöíó ãöäú ÇáúÚöÖóÇåö.

[ÝóÕúáõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉ ÝöíãóÇ íóäúÈõÊõ ãöäú ÇáúãõÈóÇÍö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõãúáóßõ ÅáøóÇ ÈöÃóÎúÐöåö]
(1824) ÝóÕúáñ: æóáóÇ ÔóíúÁó ÝöíãóÇ íóäúÈõÊõ ãöäú ÇáúãõÈóÇÍö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõãúáóßõ ÅáøóÇ ÈöÃóÎúÐöåö¡ ßóÇáúÈõØúãö¡ æóÇáúÚóÝúÕö¡ æóÇáÒøóÚúÈóáö æóåõæó ÔóÚöíÑõ ÇáúÌóÈóáö¡ æóÈóÒúÑõ ÞóØõæäóÇ¡ æóÈóÒúÑõ ÇáúÈóÞúáóÉö¡ æóÍóÈøõ ÇáËøõãóÇãö¡ æóÇáúÞóÊøõ æóåõæó ÈóÒúÑõ ÇáúÃõÔúäóÇäö ÅÐóÇ ÃóÏúÑóßó æóÊóäóÇåóì äõÖúÌõåõ ÍóÕóáóÊú Ýöíåö ãõÑõæÑóÉñ æóãõáõæÍóÉñ¡ æóÃóÔúÈóÇåõ åóÐóÇ. ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÇãöÏòº áöÃóäøóåõ ÅäøóãóÇ íõãúáóßõ ÈöÍöíóÇÒóÊöåö¡ æóÃóÎúÐõ

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ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÅÐóÇ ÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõåõ¡ æóÝöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáö áóãú íóßõäú ãóãúáõæßðÇ áóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö ÇáúæõÌõæÈõ¡ ßóÇóáøóÐöí íóáúÊóÞöØõåõ ÇááøóÞøóÇØõ ãöäú ÇáÓøõäúÈõáö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö. äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍúãóÏõ.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí Ýöí ÇáúãõÈóÇÍö Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÅÐóÇ äóÈóÊó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖöåö¡ æóáóÚóáøóåõ Èóäóì åóÐóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÇ äóÈóÊó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖöåö ãöäú ÇáúßóáóÃö íóßõæäõ ãöáúßðÇ áóåõ¡ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÎöáóÇÝõåõ. ÝóÃóãøóÇ Åäú äóÈóÊó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖöåö ãóÇ íóÒúÑóÚõåõ ÇáúÂÏóãöíøõæäó¡ ãöËúáõ Ãóäú ÓóÞóØó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÅäúÓóÇäò ÍóÈøñ ãöäú ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö Ãóæú ÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ ÝóäóÈóÊó ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõº áöÃóäøóåõ íóãúáößõåõ.
æóáóæú ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÒóÑúÚðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÈõÏõæøö ÇáÕøóáóÇÍö Ýöíåö¡ Ãóæú ËóãóÑóÉð ÞóÏú ÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõåóÇ¡ Ãóæú ãóáóßóåóÇ ÈöÌöåóÉò ãöäú ÌöåóÇÊö Çáúãöáúßö¡ áóãú ÊóÌöÈú Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõº áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.

[ÝóÕúáõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉ ÝöíãóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÍõÈøö æóáóÇ ËóãóÑò]
(1825) ÝóÕúáñ: æóáóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ÝöíãóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÍóÈøò æóáóÇ ËóãóÑò¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ æõÌöÏó Ýöíåö Çáúßóíúáõ æóÇáöÇÏøöÎóÇÑõ Ãóæú áóãú íõæÌóÏú¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöí æóÑóÞò ãöËúáö æóÑóÞö ÇáÓøöÏúÑö æóÇáúÎöØúãöíøö æóÇáúÃõÔúäóÇäö æóÇáÕøóÚúÊóÑö æóÇáúÂÓö æóäóÍúæöåöº áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöãóäúÕõæÕò Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö¡ æóãóÝúåõæãõ Þóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÍóÈøò æóáóÇ ËóãóÑò ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò» . Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÞöíáò: Ýöí ËóãóÑö ÇáÓøöÏúÑö¡ ÝóæóÑóÞõåõ Ãóæúáóì.
æóáöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÈøö ÇáúãõÈóÇÍö¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúæóÑóÞö Ãóæúáóì. æóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÒúåóÇÑö¡ ßóÇáÒøóÚúÝóÑóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÚõÕúÝõÑö¡ æóÇáúÞõØúäöº áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÍóÈøò æóáóÇ ËóãóÑò¡ æóáóÇ åõæó Èöãóßöíáò¡ Ýóáóãú ÊóÌöÈú Ýöíåö ÒóßóÇÉñ¡ ßóÇáúÎóÖúÑóÇæóÇÊö. ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÞõØúäö ÔóíúÁñ. æóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáÒøóÚúÝóÑóÇäö ÒóßóÇÉñ. æóåóÐóÇ ÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö¡ æóÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò. æóÑõæöíó Úóäú Úóáöíøò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÇßöåóÉö æóÇáúÈóÞúáö æóÇáÊøóæóÇÈöáö æóÇáÒøóÚúÝóÑóÇäö ÒóßóÇÉñ. æóÚóäú ÚõãóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÅäøóãóÇ Óóäøó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö æóÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó. æóÍõßöíó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÞõØúäö æóÇáÒøóÚúÝóÑóÇäö ÒóßóÇÉð. æóÎóÑøóÌó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö Ýöí ÇáúÚõÕúÝõÑö æóÇáúæóÑúÓö æóÌúåðÇ¡ ÞöíóÇÓðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÒøóÚúÝóÑóÇäö. æóÇáúÃóæúáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöÃõÕõæáö ÃóÍúãóÏóº ÞóÇáó: ÇáúãóÑúæöíøõ Úóäúåõ ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö: ÅÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÅáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö. æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö æóÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈö æóÇáÐøõÑóÉö æóÇáÓøõáúÊö æóÇáúÃõÑúÒö æóÇáúÚóÏóÓö¡ æóßõáøö ÔóíúÁò íóÞõæãõ ãóÞóÇãó åóÐöåö ÍóÊøóì íõÏøóÎóÑó¡ æóíóÌúÑöíó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞóÝöíÒõ¡ ãöËúáõ: ÇááøõæÈöíóÇ æóÇáúÍöãøóÕö æóÇáÓøóãóÇÓöãö æóÇáúÞõØúäöíøóÇÊöº ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ.
æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÌúÑöí Ýöíåö ÇáúÞóÝöíÒõ¡ æóáóÇ åõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ãóÇ ÓóãøóÇåõ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇõÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö]
(1826) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö. ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇÈúäöåö ÕóÇáöÍò: Ýöíåö ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ ÅÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó - íóÚúäöí ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò - æóÅöäú ÚõÕöÑó Þõæøöãó Ëóãóäõåõº áöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóíúÊó áóåõ ÈóÞóÇÁñ. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóãóÇáößò¡ æóÇááøóíúËö¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÃúíö. æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓòº áöÞóæúáö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÂÊõæÇ ÍóÞøóåõ íóæúãó ÍóÕóÇÏöåö} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 141] .

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Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö Þóæúáöåö: {æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäó æóÇáÑøõãøóÇäó} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 141] . æóáöÃóäøóåõ íõãúßöäõ ÇÏøöÎóÇÑõ ÛóáøóÊöåö¡ ÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáÊøóãúÑó æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈó.
æóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó: áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö. æóåõæó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò¡ æóÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó¡ æóÃóÍóÏõ Þóæúáóíú ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøöº áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÏøóÎóÑõ íóÇÈöÓðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÇáúÎóÖúÑóÇæóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÉõ áóãú íõÑóÏú ÈöåóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóßøöíøóÉñ¡ æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÅäøóãóÇ ÝõÑöÖóÊú ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó ÇáÑøõãøóÇäõ æóáóÇ ÚõÔúÑó Ýöíåö. æóÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ: ÅÐóÇ ÍóÕóÏó ÒóÑúÚóåõ ÃóáúÞóì áóåõãú ãöäú ÇáÓøõäúÈõáö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÐøó äóÎúáóåõ ÃóáúÞóì áóåõãú ãöäú ÇáÔøóãóÇÑöíÎö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÌóÚúÝóÑò: åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãóäúÓõæÎóÉñ¡ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÍúãõæáóÉñ Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ÍóÕóÇÏõåõ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Ãóäøó ÇáÑøõãøóÇäó ãóÐúßõæÑñ ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö ÇåÜ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇáúÍóßóã ÇáËøóÇäöí áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÇáÒøõÑõæÚö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò]
(1827) ÝóÕúáñ: ÇáúÍóßóãõ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÇáÒøõÑõæÚö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò. åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãöº ãöäúåõãú ÇÈúäõ ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÃõãóÇãóÉó Èúäõ Óóåúáò¡ æóÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóãóßúÍõæáñ¡ æóÇáúÍóßóãõ¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏñ¡ æóÓóÇÆöÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÎóÇáóÝóåõãú¡ ÅáøóÇ ãõÌóÇåöÏðÇ¡ æóÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóãóäú ÊóÇÈóÚóåõ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöí Þóáöíáö Ðóáößó æóßóËöíÑöåöº áöÚõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «ÝöíãóÇ ÓóÞóÊú ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ» . æóáöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ áóåõ Íóæúáñ ÝóáóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ áóåõ äöÕóÇÈñ. æóáóäóÇ¡ Þóæúáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóæúÓõÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÎóÇÕøñ íóÌöÈõ ÊóÞúÏöíãõåõ¡ æóÊóÎúÕöíÕõ Úõãõæãö ãóÇ Ñóæóæúåõ Èöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÎóÕøóÕúäóÇ Þóæúáóåõ: «Ýöí ÓóÇÆöãóÉö ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ» ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓö ÐóæúÏò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóÞóæúáóåõ: «Ýöí ÇáÑøöÞóÉö ÑõÈúÚõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓö ÃóæóÇÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ¡ Ýóáóãú ÊóÌöÈú Ýöí íóÓöíÑöåö ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáÒøóßóÇÆöíøóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ áóãú íõÚúÊóÈóÑú ÇáúÍóæúáõº áöÃóäøóåõ íóßúãõáõ äóãóÇÄõåõ ÈöÇÓúÊöÍúÕóÇÏöåö áóÇ ÈöÈóÞóÇÆöåö¡ æóÇÚúÊõÈöÑó ÇáúÍóæúáõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåöº áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÙöäøóÉñ áößóãóÇáö ÇáäøóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö¡ æóÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ ÇõÚúÊõÈöÑó áöíóÈúáõÛó ÍóÏøðÇ íóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇáúãõæóÇÓóÇÉó ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóáöåóÐóÇ ÇõÚúÊõÈöÑó Ýöíåö¡ íõÍóÞøöÞõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉó ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö¡ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ÇáúÛöäóì ÈöÏõæäö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö¡ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáÒøóßóÇÆöíøóÉö. ÇåÜ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóæúÓõÞò ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóÕúÝöíóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö æóÇáúÌóÝóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáËøöãóÇÑö]
(1828) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÇáúÃóæúÓõÞö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóÕúÝöíóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö¡ æóÇáúÌóÝóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó áóåõ ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÃóæúÓõÞò ÚöäóÈðÇ¡

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áóÇ íóÌöíÁõ ãöäúåõ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóæúÓõÞò ÒóÈöíÈðÇ¡ áóãú íóÌöÈú Úóáóíúåö ÔóíúÁñ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÇáõ æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÇÚúÊõÈöÑó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ ÈöÍóÇáöåö. æóÑóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøóåõ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ äöÕóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÎúáö æóÇáúßóÑúãö ÚöäóÈðÇ æóÑõØóÈðÇ¡ æóíõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåõ ãöËúáõ ÚõÔúÑö ÇáÑøõØóÈö ÊóãúÑðÇ.
ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò. æóåóÐóÇ ãóÍúãõæáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏó íõÄúÎóÐõ ÚõÔúÑõ ãóÇ íóÌöíÁõ Èöåö ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÇáÊøóãúÑö ÅÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÑõØóÈõåóÇ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞòº áöÃóäøó ÅíÌóÇÈó ÞóÏúÑö ÚõÔúÑö ÇáÑøõØóÈö ãöäú ÇáÊøóãúÑö ÅíÌóÇÈñ áöÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÇáúÚõÔúÑö¡ æóÐóáößó íõÎóÇáöÝõ ÇáäøóÕøó æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íõÍúãóáó Úóáóíúåö ßóáóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóáóÇ Þóæúáõ ÅãóÇãò ÇåÜ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇáúÚóáóÓõ äóæúÚñ ãöäú ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö íõÏøóÎóÑõ Ýöí ÞöÔúÑöåö]
(1829) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÇáúÚóáóÓõ: äóæúÚñ ãöäú ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö íõÏøóÎóÑõ Ýöí ÞöÔúÑöåö¡ æóíóÒúÚõãõ Ãóåúáõåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÅÐóÇ ÃõÎúÑöÌó ãöäú ÞöÔúÑöåö áóÇ íóÈúÞóì ÈóÞóÇÁó ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäú ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö¡ æóíóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ íóÎúÑõÌõ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ÝóíõÚúÊóÈóÑõ äöÕóÇÈõåõ Ýöí ÞöÔúÑöåö áöáÖøóÑóÑö Ýöí ÅÎúÑóÇÌöåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÈöÞöÔúÑöåö ÚóÔóÑóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáúÚõÔúÑõº áöÃóäøó Ýöíåö ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò¡ æóÅöäú ÔóßóßúäóÇ Ýöí ÈõáõæÛöåö äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ ÎõíøöÑó ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ Èóíúäó ÅÎúÑóÇÌö ÚõÔúÑöåö æóÈóíúäó ÅÎúÑóÇÌöåö ãöäú ÞöÔúÑöåö¡ áöíõÞóÏøöÑóåõ ÈöÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóæúÓõÞò. ßóÞóæúáöäóÇ Ýöí ãóÛúÔõæÔö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ ÅÐóÇ ÔóßóßúäóÇ Ýöí ÈõáõæÛö ãóÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ äöÕóÇÈðÇ. æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäú ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö Ýöí ÞöÔúÑöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõåõ ÞóÈúáó ÊóÕúÝöíóÊöåöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉó áóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæ Åáóì ÅÈúÞóÇÆöåö Ýöí ÞöÔúÑöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉõ ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ Èöåö æóáóÇ íõÚúáóãõ ÞóÏúÑõ ãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåõ.

[ÝóÕúáõ äöÕóÇÈó ÇáúÃõÑúÒö ãóÚó ÞöÔúÑöåö]
(1830) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö Ãóäøó äöÕóÇÈó ÇáúÃõÑúÒö ãóÚó ÞöÔúÑöåö ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÃóæúÓõÞòº áöÃóäøóåõ íõÏøóÎóÑõ ãóÚó ÞöÔúÑöåö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÃõÎúÑöÌó ãöäú ÞöÔúÑöåö¡ áóãú íóÈúÞó ÈóÞóÇÁó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÔúÑö¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÇáúÚóáóÓö ÓóæóÇÁñ ÝöíãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõ: áóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ äöÕóÇÈõåõ ÈöÐóáößó¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ËöÞóÇÊñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÎöÈúÑóÉö Åäøóåõ íóÎúÑõÌõ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö Ýóíóßõæäõ ßóÇáúÚóáóÓö¡ æóãóÊóì áóãú íõæÌóÏú ËöÞóÇÊñ íõÎúÈöÑõæäó ÈöåóÐóÇ¡ Ãóæú ÔóßóßúäóÇ Ýöí ÈõáõæÛöåö äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ ÎóíøóÑúäóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ Èóíúäó ÅÎúÑóÇÌö ÚõÔúÑöåö Ýöí ÞöÔúÑöåö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÊóÕúÝöíóÊöåö áöíõÚúáóãó ÞóÏúÑõåõ ãõÕóÝøðì¡ ÝóÅöäú ÈóáóÛó äöÕóÇÈðÇ ÃõÎöÐó ãöäúåõ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóǺ áöÃóäøó ÇáúíóÞöíäó áóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ÅáøóÇ ÈöÐóáößó¡ ÝóÇÚúÊóÈóÑúäóÇåõ ßóãóÛúÔõæÔö ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö ÇåÜ.

[ÝóÕúáõ äöÕóÇÈõ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö]
(1831) ÝóÕúáñ: æóäöÕóÇÈõ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóæúÓõÞò äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÕóÇáöÍò. æóäöÕóÇÈõ ÇáÒøóÚúÝóÑóÇäö æóÇáúÞõØúäö æóãóÇ ÃõáúÍöÞó ÈöåöãóÇ ãöäú ÇáúãóæúÒõæäóÇÊö¡ ÃóáúÝñ æóÓöÊøõãöÇÆóÉö ÑöØúáò ÈöÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøöº áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó Èöãóßöíáò¡ ÝóíóÞõæãõ æóÒúäõåõ ãóÞóÇãó ßóíúáöåö. ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞóÇÖöí¡ Ýöí " ÇáúãõÌóÑøóÏö ". æóÍõßöíó Úóäúåõ: ÅÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÞöíãóÊõåõ äöÕóÇÈðÇ ãöäú ÃóÏúäóì ãóÇ ÊõÎúÑöÌõåõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí íõæÓõÝó Ýöí ÇáÒøóÚúÝóÑóÇäöº áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íõãúßöäú ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõåõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö ÝóÇÚúÊõÈöÑó ÈöÛóíúÑöåö¡ ßóÇáúÚõÑõæÖö

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ÊõÞóæøóãõ ÈöÃóÏúäóì ÇáäøöÕóÇÈóíúäö ãöäú ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö Ýöí ÇáÒøóÚúÝóÑóÇäö: ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöí Þóáöíáöåö æóßóËöíÑöåö. æóáóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÏóáöíáðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÕúáðÇ íõÚúÊóãóÏõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóíóÑõÏøõåóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóæúÓõÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóÅöíÌóÇÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí Þóáöíáöåö æóßóËöíÑöåö ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö æóÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõåõ ÈöÛóíúÑöåö ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÚõÔúÑõåõ¡ æóÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõåõ ÈöÃóÞóáøó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÞöíãóÉð áóÇ äóÙöíÑó áóåõ ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ æóÞöíóÇÓõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚõÑõæÖö áóÇ íóÕöÍøõº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚõÑõæÖó áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöí ÚóíúäöåóÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÞöíãóÊöåóÇ¡ ÊõÄóÏøóì ãöäú ÇáúÞöíãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÇõÚúÊõÈöÑóÊú ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÞöíãóÉõ íõÑóÏøõ ÅáóíúåóÇ ßõáøõ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáúãõÊóÞóæøöãóÇÊö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ãöäú ÇáÑøóÏøö ÅáóíúåóÇ ÇáÑøóÏøõ Åáóì ãóÇ áóãú íõÑóÏøó Åáóíúåö ÔóíúÁñ ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÊõÎúÑóÌõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóáöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ãóÇáñ ÊõÎúÑóÌõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ãöäú ÌöäúÓöåö¡ ÝóÇÚúÊõÈöÑó äöÕóÇÈõåõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ßóÇáúÍõÈõæÈö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÎóÇÑöÌñ ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ Ãóæú äöÕúÝõåõ¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÓóÇÆöÑó ãóÇ íóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö Ðóáößó¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáñ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌöÈú Ýöí Þóáöíáöåö æóßóËöíÑöåö¡ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ äóÕøó ÝöíãóÇ ÐóßóÑõæåõ æóáóÇ ÅÌúãóÇÚó¡ æóáóÇ åõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ.
ÝóæóÌóÈó Ãóäú áóÇ íõÞóÇáó Èöåö¡ áöÚóÏóãö Ïóáöíáöåö. ÇåÜ. ÇäúÊóåóì

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑó íóÌöÈõ ÝöíãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÛóíúÑö ãõÄúäóÉò]
(1832) ÝóÕúáñ: ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõÔúÑó íóÌöÈõ ÝöíãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÛóíúÑö ãõÄúäóÉò¡ ßóÇóáøóÐöí íóÔúÑóÈõ ãöäú ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑö¡ æóãóÇ íóÔúÑóÈõ ÈöÚõÑõæÞöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÛúÑóÓõ Ýöí ÃóÑúÖò ãóÇÄõåóÇ ÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäú æóÌúåöåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÕöáõ Åáóíúåö ÚõÑõæÞõ ÇáÔøóÌóÑö¡ ÝóíóÓúÊóÛúäöí Úóäú ÓóÞúíò¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÚõÑõæÞõåõ ÊóÕöáõ Åáóì äóåúÑò Ãóæú ÓóÇÞöíóÉò. æóäöÕúÝõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö ÝöíãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÇáúãõÄóäö¡ ßóÇáÏøóæóÇáöí æóÇáäøóæóÇÖöÍöº áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ. æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ æóÛóíúÑöåöãú.
æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöíåö Þóæúáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÝöíãóÇ ÓóÞóÊú ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ æóÇáúÚõíõæäõ Ãóæú ßóÇäó ÚóËóÑöíøðÇ ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ¡ æóãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÇáäøóÖúÍö äöÕúÝõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò ÇáúÚóËóÑöíøõ: ãóÇ ÊóÓúÞöíåö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ¡ æóÊõÓóãøöíåö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉõ: ÇáúÚöÐúíó. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: åõæó ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóäúÞóÚõ Ýöí ÈöÑúßóÉò Ãóæú äóÍúæöåóÇ¡ íóÕõÈøõ Åáóíúåö ãóÇÁõ ÇáúãóØóÑö Ýöí ÓóæóÇÞò ÊõÔóÞøõ áóåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚó ÓõÞöíó ãöäúåõ¡ æóÇÔúÊöÞóÇÞõåõ ãöäú ÇáúÚóÇËõæÑö¡ æóåöíó ÇáÓøóÇÞöíóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí íóÌúÑöí ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁõ¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ íóÚúËõÑõ ÈöåóÇ ãóäú íóãõÑøõ ÈöåóÇ. æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ãõÓúáöãò: «æóÝöíãóÇ íõÓúÞóì ÈöÇáÓøóÇäöíóÉö äöÕúÝõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö» . æóÇáÓøóæóÇäöí: åöíó ÇáäøóæóÇÖöÍõ¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÅöÈöáõ íõÓúÊóÞóì ÈöåóÇ áöÔöÑúÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
æóÚóäú ãõÚóÇÐò¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÈóÚóËóäöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Åáóì Çáúíóãóäö¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóäöí Ãóäú ÂÎõÐó ãöãøóÇ ÓóÞóÊú ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ¡ Ãóæú ÓõÞöíó ÈöÚóáóÇ¡ ÇáúÚõÔúÑó¡ æóãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÏóÇáöíóÉò äöÕúÝó ÇáúÚõÔúÑö» . ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: ÇáúÈóÚúáõ¡ ãóÇ ÔóÑöÈó ÈöÚõÑõæÞöåö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÓóÞúíò. æóÝöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈößõáúÝóÉò æóãõÄúäóÉò¡ ãöäú ÏóÇáöíóÉò Ãóæú ÓóÇäöíóÉò Ãóæú ÏõæáóÇÈò Ãóæú äóÇÚõæÑóÉò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÝöíåö äöÕúÝõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö¡ æóãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÛóíúÑö ãõÄúäóÉò¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáúÚõÔúÑõº áöãóÇ ÑóæóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÇáúÎóÈóÑö¡ æóáöÃóäøó áöáúßõáúÝóÉö ÊóÃúËöíÑðÇ Ýöí ÅÓúÞóÇØö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÌõãúáóÉð¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúãóÚúáõæÝóÉö¡ ÝóÈöÃóäú íõÄóËøöÑó Ýöí ÊóÎúÝöíÝöåóÇ Ãóæúáóì¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáäøóÇãöí¡ æóáöáúßõáúÝóÉö

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ÊóÃúËöíÑñ Ýöí ÊóÞúáöíáö ÇáäøóãóÇÁö¡ ÝóÃóËøóÑóÊú Ýöí ÊóÞúáöíáö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõÄóËøöÑõ ÍóÝúÑõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑö æóÇáÓøóæóÇÞöí Ýöí äõÞúÕóÇäö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÄúäóÉó ÊóÞöáøõ¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ Êóßõæäõ ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ÅÍúíóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÊóÊóßóÑøóÑõ ßõáøó ÚóÇãò.
æóßóÐóáößó áóÇ íõÄóËøöÑõ ÇÍúÊöíóÇÌõåóÇ Åáóì ÓóÇÞò íóÓúÞöíåóÇ¡ æóíõÍóæøöáõ ÇáúãóÇÁó Ýöí äóæóÇÍöíåóÇ¡ áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäúåõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóÞúíò ÈößõáúÝóÉò¡ Ýóåõæó ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúäóÉö Ýöí ÇáÊøóäúÞöíÕö¡ íóÌúÑöí ãóÌúÑóì ÍóÑúËö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÊóÍúÓöíäóåóÇ. æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãóÇÁõ íóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÇáäøóåúÑö Ýöí ÓóÇÞöíóÉò Åáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóíóÓúÊóÞöÑøõ Ýöí ãóßóÇä ÞóÑöíÈò ãöäú æóÌúåöåóÇ¡ áóÇ íóÕúÚóÏõ ÅáøóÇ ÈöÛóÑúÝò Ãóæú ÏõæáóÇÈò¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäú ÇáúßõáúÝóÉö ÇáúãõÓúÞöØóÉö áöäöÕúÝö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ãóÑøóº áöÃóäøó ãöÞúÏóÇÑó ÇáúßõáúÝóÉö æóÞõÑúÈó ÇáúãóÇÁö æóÈõÚúÏóåõ áóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ¡ æóÇáÖøóÇÈöØõ áöÐóáößó åõæó Ãóäú íóÍúÊóÇÌó Ýöí ÊóÑúÞöíóÉö ÇáúãóÇÁö Åáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÂáóÉò ãöäú ÛóÑúÝò Ãóæú äóÖúÍò Ãóæú ÏóÇáöíóÉò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößóº æóÞóÏú æõÌöÏó. ÇåÜ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇáäøöÕóÇÈ Ýöí ãóÇ ÓõÞöíó äöÕúÝó ÇáÓøóäóÉö ÈößõáúÝóÉö æóäöÕúÝóåóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ßõáúÝóÉò]
(1833) ÝóÕúáñ: ÝóÅöäú ÓõÞöíó äöÕúÝó ÇáÓøóäóÉö ÈößõáúÝóÉò¡ æóäöÕúÝóåóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ßõáúÝóÉò¡ ÝóÝöíåö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÑúÈóÇÚö ÇáúÚõÔúÑö. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ æóáóÇ äóÚúáóãõ Ýöíåö ãõÎóÇáöÝðǺ áöÃóäøó ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ áóæú æõÌöÏó Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÓøóäóÉö áóÃóæúÌóÈó ãõÞúÊóÖóÇåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ æõÌöÏó Ýöí äöÕúÝöåóÇ ÃóæúÌóÈó äöÕúÝóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ÓõÞöíó ÈöÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÇõÚúÊõÈöÑó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãóÇ¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó ãõÞúÊóÖóÇåõ¡ æóÓóÞóØó Íõßúãõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö.
äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÚóØóÇÁò¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÃóÍóÏõ Þóæúáóíú ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÇãöÏò: íõÄúÎóÐõ ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö. æóåõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí áöáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøöº áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ áóæú ßóÇäóÇ äöÕúÝóíúäö ÃóÎóÐó ÈöÇáúÍöÕøóÉö¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÃóßúËóÑó¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ßóÇäóÊú ÇáËøóãóÑóÉõ äóæúÚóíúäö. æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáö Ãóäøó ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑó ãöÞúÏóÇÑö ÇáÓøóÞúíö æóÚóÏóÏö ãóÑøóÇÊöåö æóÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íõÔúÑóÈõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóÞúíóÉò íóÔõÞøõ æóíóÊóÚóÐøóÑõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÍõßúãõ áöáúÃóÛúáóÈö ãöäúåõãóÇ ßóÇáÓøóæúãö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö. æóÅöäú Ìõåöáó ÇáúãöÞúÏóÇÑõ¡ ÛóáøóÈúäóÇ ÅíÌóÇÈó ÇáúÚõÔúÑö ÇÍúÊöíóÇØðÇ.
äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó æõÌõæÈõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÓúÞõØõ ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÇáúßõáúÝóÉö¡ ÝóãóÇ áóãú íóÊóÍóÞøóÞú ÇáúãõÓúÞöØõ íóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúßõáúÝóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóßúËóÑö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ æõÌõæÏõåóÇ ãóÚó ÇáÔøóßøö Ýöíåö¡ æóÅöäú ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáÓøóÇÚöí æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇáö¡ Ýöí ÃóíøöåöãóÇ ÓõÞöíó Èöåö ÃóßúËóÑó¡ ÝóÇáúÞóæúáõ¡ Þóæúáõ ÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÇáö ÈöÛóíúÑö íóãöíäò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó áóÇ íõÓúÊóÍúáóÝõæäó Úóáóì ÕóÏóÞóÇÊöåöãú. ÇåÜ.

[ÝóÕúáõ áöÑóÌõáò ÍóÇÆöØóÇäö ÓóÞóì ÃóÍóÏóåõãóÇ ÈöãõÄúäóÉö æóÇáúÂÎóÑó ÈöÛóíúÑö ãõÄúäóÉò]
(1834) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó áöÑóÌõáò ÍóÇÆöØóÇäö¡ ÓóÞóì ÃóÍóÏóåõãóÇ ÈöãõÄúäóÉò¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑó ÈöÛóíúÑö ãõÄúäóÉò¡ Öóãøó ÛóáøóÉó ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö Ãóæú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäú ÇáøóÐöí ÓõÞöíó ÈöÛóíúÑö ãõÄúäóÉò ÚõÔúÑóåõ¡ æóãöäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö äöÕúÝó ÚõÔúÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÖõãøõ ÃóÍóÏó ÇáäøóæúÚóíúäö Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóíõÎúÑöÌõ ãöäú ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãóÇ æóÌóÈó Ýöíåö.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúæóÓúÞõ ÓöÊøõæäó ÕóÇÚðÇ æóÇáÕøóÇÚõ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ]
(1835) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (æóÇáúæóÓúÞõ ÓöÊøõæäó ÕóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÇáÕøóÇÚõ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ ÈöÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøö) ÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáúæóÓúÞö ÓöÊøöíäó ÕóÇÚðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ýöíåö. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö åõæó Þóæúáõ ßõáøö ãóäú íõÍúÝóÙõ Úóäúåõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö

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ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ Úóäú ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäö ÕóÎúÑò¡ Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ÇáúæóÓúÞõ ÓöÊøõæäó ÕóÇÚðÇ» . æóÑóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÓóÚöíÏò¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑñ¡ Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöËúáó Ðóáößó¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú.
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáÕøóÇÚö ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËðÇ ÝóÝöíåö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝñ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ ÈöÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÈúáóÛõ ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉö ÇáúÃóæúÓõÞö ËóáóÇËóãöÇÆóÉö ÕóÇÚò¡ æóåõæó ÃóáúÝñ æóÓöÊøõãöÇÆóÉö ÑöØúáò ÈöÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøö¡ æóÇáÑøöØúáõ ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøõ: ãöÇÆóÉñ æóËóãóÇäöíóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ æóÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÚö ÏöÑúåóãò¡ æóæóÒúäõåõ ÈöÇáúãóËóÇÞöíáö ÓóÈúÚõæäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÒöíÏó Ýöí ÇáÑøöØúáö ãöËúÞóÇáñ ÂÎóÑõ¡ æóåõæó ÏöÑúåóãñ æóËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÚò ÝóÕóÇÑó ÅÍúÏóì æóÊöÓúÚöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ¡ æóßóãóáóÊú ÒöäóÊõåõ ÈöÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãö ãöÇÆóÉð æóËóáóÇËöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ¡ æóÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõ ÈöÇáúÃóæøóáö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáÕøóÇÚõ ÈöÇáÑøöØúáö ÇáÏøöãóÔúÞöíøö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÓöÊøõãöÇÆóÉö ÏöÑúåóãò¡ ÑöØúáðÇ æóÓõÈúÚðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ÃõæÞöíøóÉñ æóÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÚö ÃõæÞöíøóÉò¡ æóãóÈúáóÛõ ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉö ÇáúÃóæúÓõÞö ÈöÇáÑøöØúáö ÇáÏøöãóÔúÞöíøö ËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉö ÑöØúáò æóÇËúäóÇäö æóÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÑöØúáðÇ æóÚóÔúÑõ ÃóæóÇÞò æóÓõÈúÚõ ÃõæÞöíøóÉò¡ æóÐóáößó ÓöÊøóÉõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÚö ÑöØúáò.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ ãõÚúÊóÈóÑñ ÈöÇáúßóíúáö]
(1836) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ ãõÚúÊóÈóÑñ ÈöÇáúßóíúáö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÃóæúÓóÇÞó ãóßöíáóÉñ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ äõÞöáóÊú Åáóì ÇáúæóÒúäö áöÊõÖúÈóØó æóÊõÍúÝóÙó æóÊõäúÞóáó¡ æóáöÐóáößó ÊóÚóáøóÞó æõÌõæÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÈöÇáúãóßöíáóÇÊö Ïõæäó ÇáúãóæúÒõæäóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúãóßöíáóÇÊõ ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõ Ýöí ÇáúæóÒúäö¡ ÝóãöäúåóÇ ÇáËøóÞöíáõ¡ ßóÇáúÍöäúØóÉö æóÇáúÚóÏóÓö. æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÎóÝöíÝõ¡ ßóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö æóÇáÐøõÑóÉö¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúãõÊóæóÓøöØö. æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÃóÍúãóÏõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÇÚó ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ ãöäú ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö æóÑóæóì ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ Úóäúåõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÇáÕøóÇÚõ æóÒóäúÊõåõ ÝóæóÌóÏúÊå ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËóíú ÑöØúáò ÍöäúØóÉð. æóÞóÇáó ÍóäúÈóáñ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÍúãóÏõ ÃóÎóÐúÊ ÇáÕøóÇÚó ãöäú ÃóÈöí ÇáäøóÖúÑö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáäøóÖöÑö: ÃóÎóÐúÊå ãöäú ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÐöÆúÈò. æóÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ÕóÇÚõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí íõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ÇáúÚóÏóÓó¡ ÝóÚóíøóÑúäóÇ Èöåö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÕúáóÍõ ãóÇ íõßóÇáõ Èöåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÊóÌóÇÝóì Úóäú ãóæóÇÖöÚöåö¡ ÝóßöáúäóÇ Èöåö æóæóÒóäøóÇåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ. æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÕóÍøõ ãóÇ æóÞóÝúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóãóÇ Èõíøöäó áóäóÇ ãöäú ÕóÇÚö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÍóÑóãóíúäö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãõÏøó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÑöØúáñ æóËõáõËñ ÞóãúÍðÇ ãöäú ÃóæúÓóØö ÇáúÞóãúÍö¡ ÝóãóÊóì ÈóáóÛó ÇáúÞóãúÍõ ÃóáúÝðÇ æóÓöÊøóãöÇÆóÉö ÑöØúáò¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ. æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÏøóÑõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇÚó ÈöÇáËøóÞöíáö¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎóÝöíÝõ ÝóÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöíåö¡ ÅÐóÇ ÞóÇÑóÈó åóÐóÇ æóÅöäú áóãú íóÈúáõÛúåõ. æóãóÊóì Ôóßøó Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöíåö¡ æóáóãú íõæÌóÏú ãößúíóÇáñ íõÞóÏøöÑõ Èöåö¡ ÝóÇáöÇÍúÊöíóÇØõ ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌõ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íõÎúÑöÌú ÝóáóÇ ÍóÑóÌóº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó ÚóÏóãõ æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ÈöÇáÔøóßøö.

[ÝóÕúáõ ãóÊóì äóÞóÕó ãöäú ÇáäøöÕóÇÈ ÔóíúÆðÇ áóãú ÊóÌöÈú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ]
(1837) ÝóÕúáñ: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ ãõÚúÊóÈóÑñ ÊóÍúÏöíÏðÇ¡ ÝóãóÊóì äóÞóÕó ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ áóãú ÊóÌöÈú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ áöÞóæúáö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóæúÓõÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóÇáäøóÇÞöÕõ ÚóäúåóÇ áóãú íóÈúáõÛúåóÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó äóÞúÕðÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ

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íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÇáúãóßóÇíöíáö¡ ßóÇáúÃõæÞöíøóÉö æóäóÍúæöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÚöÈúÑóÉó Èöåöº áöÃóäøó ãöËúáó Ðóáößó íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íóÏúÎõáó Ýöí ÇáúãóßóÇíöíáö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÖóÈöØõ¡ Ýóåõæó ßóäóÞúÕö ÇáúÍóæúáö ÓóÇÚóÉð Ãóæú ÓóÇÚóÊóíúäö.

[ÝóÕúáõ áóÇ æóÞóÕøó Ýöí äöÕóÇÈö ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö]
(1838) ÝóÕúáñ: æóáóÇ æóÞóÕó Ýöí äöÕóÇÈö ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö Èóáú ãóåúãóÇ ÒóÇÏó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåõ ÈöÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö¡ ÝóíõÎúÑöÌõ ÚõÔúÑó ÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ. ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ ÖóÑóÑó Ýöí ÊóÈúÚöíÖöåö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÝöíåóÇ ÖóÑóÑðÇ¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÅÐóÇ æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÚõÔúÑñ ãóÑøóÉð áóãú íóÌöÈú Úóáóíúåö ÚõÔúÑñ ÂÎóÑõ æóÅöäú ÍóÇáó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÃóÍúæóÇáðÇ]
(1839) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöÐóÇ æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÚõÔúÑñ ãóÑøóÉð¡ áóãú íóÌöÈú Úóáóíúåö ÚõÔúÑñ ÂÎóÑõ¡ æóÅöäú ÍóÇáó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÃóÍúæóÇáðǺ áöÃóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáó ÛóíúÑõ ãõÑúÕóÏóÉò áöáäøóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¡ Èóáú åöíó Åáóì ÇáäøóÞúÕö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ¡ æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö ÇáäøóÇãöíóÉö¡ áöíõÎúÑöÌó ãöäú ÇáäøóãóÇÁö Ýóíóßõæäó ÃóÓúåóáó. ÝóÅöäú ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ÕóÇÑó ÚóÑúÖðÇ¡ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ÅÐóÇ ÍóÇáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóæúáõ. æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.

[ÝóÕúáõ æóÞúÊõ æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÈøö ÅÐóÇ ÇÔúÊóÏøó æóÝöí ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö ÅÐóÇ ÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõåóÇ]
(1840) ÝóÕúáñ: æóæóÞúÊõ æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÈøö ÅÐóÇ ÇÔúÊóÏøó¡ æóÝöí ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö ÅÐóÇ ÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõåóÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì: ÊóÌöÈõ ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúÍóÈøö íóæúãó ÍóÕóÇÏöåöº áöÞóæúáö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÂÊõæÇ ÍóÞøóåõ íóæúãó ÍóÕóÇÏöåö} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 141] æóÝóÇÆöÏóÉõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÊóÕóÑøóÝó Ýöí ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö Ãóæú ÇáúÍóÈøö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Úóáóíúåöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÕóÑøóÝó Ýöíåö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ áóæú Ãóßóáó ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉó Ãóæú ÈóÇÚóåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÍóæúáö¡ æóÅöäú ÊóÕóÑøóÝó ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúæõÌõæÈö áóãú ÊóÓúÞõØú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Úóäúåõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö¡ æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÞöÑøõ ÇáúæõÌõæÈõ Úóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÕöíÑó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÑöíÈö æóÇáÒøóÑúÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÏóÑö æóáóæú ÊóáöÝó ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÅÊúáóÇÝöåö Ãóæú ÊóÝúÑöíØò ãöäúåõ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Úóáóíúåö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÅÐóÇ ÎõÑöÕó æóÊõÑößó Ýöí ÑõÁõæÓö ÇáäøóÎúáö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåöãú ÍöÝúÙõåõ¡ ÝóÅöäú ÃóÕóÇÈóÊúåõ ÌóÇÆöÍóÉñ ÝóÐóåóÈóÊú ÇáËøóãóÑóÉõ¡ ÓóÞóØó Úóäúåõãú ÇáúÎóÑúÕõ¡ æóáóãú íõÄúÎóÐõæÇ Èöåö æóáóÇ äóÚúáóãõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö: ÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕó ÅÐóÇ ÎóÑóÕó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÕóÇÈóÊúåõ ÌóÇÆöÍóÉñ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÔóíúÁó Úóáóíúåö ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌöÐóÇÐö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌöÐóÇÐö Ýöí Íõßúãö ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóËúÈõÊõ ÇáúíóÏõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÇÔúÊóÑóì ËóãóÑóÉð ÝóÊóáöÝóÊú ÈöÌóÇÆöÍóÉò ÑóÌóÚó ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚö¡ æóÅöäú ÊóáöÝó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: Åäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÈóÇÞöí äöÕóÇÈðÇ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ íõæóÇÝöÞõ Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöíåö ÅáøóÇ íóæúãó ÍóÕóÇÏöåöº áöÃóäøó æõÌõæÈó

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ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö ÔóÑúØñ Ýöí ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ ÝóãóÊóì áóãú íõæÌóÏú æóÞúÊõ ÇáúæõÌõæÈö áóãú íóÌöÈú. æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åäøó ÇáúæõÌõæÈó ËóÈóÊó ÅÐóÇ ÈóÏóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÍõ æóÇÔúÊóÏøó ÇáúÍóÈøõ¡ ÝóÞöíóÇÓõ Þóæúáöåö: Åäú ÊóáöÝó ÇáúÈóÚúÖõ. Åäú ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ Ýóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóÌóÈó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÞöí ÈöÞóÏúÑöåö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó äöÕóÇÈðÇ Ãóæú áóãú íóßõäú äöÕóÇÈðǺ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÓúÞöØó ÇÎúÊóÕøó ÈöÇáúÈóÚúÖö¡ ÝóÇÎúÊóÕøó ÇáÓøõÞõæØõ Èöåö¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÊóáöÝó ÈóÚúÖõ äöÕóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö ÈóÚúÏó æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÝöíåóÇ. æóåóÐóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÅÐóÇ ÊóáöÝó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÊóÝúÑöíØöåö æóÚõÏúæóÇäöåö.
ÝóÃóãøóÇ Åäú ÃóÊúáóÝóåóÇ¡ Ãóæú ÊóáöÝóÊú ÈöÊóÝúÑöíØöåö Ãóæú ÚõÏúæóÇäöåö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ áóãú ÊóÓúÞõØú Úóäúåõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ ÓóÞóØóÊú¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÞúÕöÏó ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÝöÑóÇÑó ãöäú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ ÝóíóÖúãóäõåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÓúÞõØõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóãóÊóì ÇÏøóÚóì ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇáö ÊóáóÝóåóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÊóÝúÑöíØöåö¡ ÞõÈöáó Þóæúáõåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö íóãöíäò¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÎóÑúÕö Ãóæú ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóíõÞúÈóáõ Þóæúáõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÞóÏúÑöåóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö íóãöíäò¡ æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáÏøóÚóÇæóì.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: áóÇ íõÓúÊóÍúáóÝõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Úóáóì ÕóÏóÞóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÞøñ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÓúÊóÍúáóÝõ Ýöíåö¡ ßóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáúÍóÏøö.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÌóÐøóåóÇ æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÑöíäö Ãóæú ÌóÚóáó ÇáÒøóÑúÚó Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÏóÑö ÇÓúÊóÞóÑøó æõÌõæÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Úóáóíúåö]
(1841) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöäú ÌóÐøóåóÇ æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÑöíäö¡ Ãóæú ÌóÚóáó ÇáÒøóÑúÚó Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÏóÑö¡ ÇÓúÊóÞóÑøó æõÌõæÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÚöäúÏó ãóäú áóãú íóÑó ÇáÊøóãóßøõäó ãöäú ÇáúÃóÏóÇÁö ÔóÑúØðÇ Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÑö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö. ÝóÅöäú ÊóáöÝóÊú ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó¡ áóãú ÊóÓúÞõØú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÖóãóÇäõåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÊóáöÝó äöÕóÇÈõ ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö Ãóæú ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóæúáö. æóÚóáóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ Ýöí ßóæúäö ÇáÊøóãóßøõäö ãöäú ÇáúÃóÏóÇÁö ãõÚúÊóÈóÑðÇ¡ áóÇ íóÓúÊóÞöÑøõ ÇáúæõÌõæÈõ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÌöÝøó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉõ¡ æóíõÕóÝøóì ÇáúÍóÈøõ¡ æóíóÊóãóßøóäó ãöäú ÃóÏóÇÁö ÍóÞøöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÝúÚóáõ¡ æóÅöäú ÊóáöÝó ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóáóÇ ÔóíúÁó Úóáóíúåö¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÊóÕóÑøõÝõ ÇáúãóÇáößö Ýöí ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÎóÑúÕö æóÈóÚúÏóåõ ÈöÇáúÈóíúÚö æóÇáúåöÈóÉ æóÛóíúÑåãóÇ]
(1842) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíóÕöÍøõ ÊóÕóÑøõÝõ ÇáúãóÇáößö Ýöí ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÎóÑúÕö¡ æóÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ÈöÇáúÈóíúÚö æóÇáúåöÈóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ. ÝóÅöäú ÈóÇÚóåõ Ãóæú æóåóÈóåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÈõÏõæøö ÕóáóÇÍöåö¡ ÝóÕóÏóÞóÊõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚö æóÇáúæóÇåöÈö. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇááøóíúËõ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑöØóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÈúÊóÇÚö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ æóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú æóÇÌöÈóÉð Úóáóíúåö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÈóíúÚö ÝóÈóÞöíó Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúãóÈöíÚö æóÇáúãóæúåõæÈö.
æóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Ãóäøóåõ ãõÎóíøóÑñ Èóíúäó Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó ËóãóÑðÇ Ãóæú ãöäú ÇáËøóãóäö. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøó Úóáóíúåö ÚõÔúÑó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉöº ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÇáúÞöíãóÉö Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ Úóáóì ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö¡ æóáöÃóäøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞöíóÇãó ÈöÇáËøóãóÑóÉö ÍóÊøóì íõÄóÏøöíó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó ãöäúåóÇ ËóãóÑðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÞõØõ Ðóáößó Úóäúåõ ÈöÈóíúÚöåóÇ æóáóÇ åöÈóÊöåóÇ. æóíóÊóÎóÑøóÌõ Ãóäú ÊóÌöÈó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí¡ Úóáóì Þóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ íóæúãó ÍóÕóÇÏöåö¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúæõÌõæÈó ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÚóáøóÞó ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ãöáúßö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí¡ ÝóßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö.
æóáóæú ÇÔúÊóÑóì ËóãóÑóÉð ÞóÈúáó ÈõÏõæøö ÕóáóÇÍöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõåóÇ Ýöí íóÏö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí Úóáóì æóÌúåò ÕóÍöíÍò¡ ãöËúáõ Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑöíó äóÎúáóÉð ãõËúãöÑóÉð¡

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æóíóÔúÊóÑöØó ËóãóÑóÊóåóÇ¡ Ãóæú æõåöÈóÊú áóåõ ËóãóÑóÉñ ÞóÈúáó ÈõÏõæøö ÕóáóÇÍöåóÇ¡ ÝóÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõåóÇ Ýöí íóÏö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí Ãóæú ÇáúãõÊøóåöÈö¡ Ãóæú æóÕøóì áóåõ ÈöËóãóÑóÉò ÝóÞóÈöáóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊö ÇáúãõæÕöí¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ Úóáóíúåöº áöÃóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÇáúæõÌõæÈö æõÌöÏó Ýöí ãöáúßöåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÓóÇÆöãóÉð Ãóæú ÇÊøóåóÈóåóÇ¡ ÝóÍóÇáó ÇáúÍóæúáõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ. ÇåÜ

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇÔúÊóÑóì ËóãóÑóÉð ÞóÈúáó ÈõÏõæøö ÕóáóÇÍöåóÇ ÝóÊóÑóßóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõåóÇ]
(1843) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇÔúÊóÑóì ËóãóÑóÉð ÞóÈúáó ÈõÏõæøö ÕóáóÇÍöåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÑóßóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ÔóÑóØó ÇáúÞóØúÚó¡ ÝóÇáúÈóíúÚõ ÈóÇØöáñ¡ æóåöíó ÈóÇÞöíóÉñ Úóáóì ãöáúßö ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚö¡ æóÒóßóÇÊõåóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÅöäú ÔóÑóØó ÇáúÞóØúÚó¡ ÝóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóíúÚó ÈóÇØöáñ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÝöíåóÇ ßóãóÇ áóæú áóãú íóÔúÊóÑöØú ÇáúÞóØúÚó¡ æóÑõæöíó Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóíúÚó ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóíóÔúÊóÑößóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö. ÝóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí ÒóßóÇÉõ ÍöÕøóÊöåö ãöäúåóÇ Åäú ÈóáóÛóÊú äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ ßóÇáúãõßóÇÊóÈö æóÇáÐøöãøöíøö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ÚóÇÏó ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚõ ÝóÇÔúÊóÑóÇåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÈõÏõæøö ÇáÕøóáóÇÍö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÞóÕóÏó ÈöÈóíúÚöåóÇ ÇáúÝöÑóÇÑó ãöäú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúÞõØõ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÊóáóÝõ ÇáËøóãóÑóÉõ ÞóÈúáó ÈõÏõæøö ÇáÕøóáóÇÍö Ãóæú ÇáÒøóÑúÚõ ÞóÈúáó ÇÔúÊöÏóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÈøö]
(1844) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöäú ÊóáöÝóÊú ÇáËøóãóÑóÉõ ÞóÈúáó ÈõÏõæøö ÇáÕøóáóÇÍö¡ Ãóæú ÇáÒøóÑúÚõ ÞóÈúáó ÇÔúÊöÏóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÈøö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö. æóßóÐóáößó Åäøó ÃóÊúáóÝóåõ ÇáúãóÇáößõ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÞúÕöÏó ÇáúÝöÑóÇÑó ãöäú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóÓóæóÇÁñ ÞóØóÚóåóÇ áöáúÃóßúáö¡ Ãóæú áöáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö Úóäú ÇáäøóÎöíáö áöÊóÍúÓöíäö ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö¡ Ãóæú ÍöÝúÙö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÅÐóÇ ÎóÇÝó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÚóØóÔó Ãóæú ÖóÚúÝó ÇáúÌöãóÇÑö¡ ÝóÞóØóÚó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖóåóÇ¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ äóÞóÕó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ¡ Ãóæú ÞóØóÚóåóÇ áöÛóíúÑö ÛóÑóÖò¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Úóáóíúåöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóáöÝóÊú ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóÊóÚóáøõÞö ÍóÞøö ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ áóæú åóáóßóÊú ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÍóæúáö¡ æóÅöäú ÞóÕóÏó ÈöÞóØúÚöåóÇ ÇáúÝöÑóÇÑó ãöäú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ áóãú ÊóÓúÞõØú Úóäúåõº áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÕóÏó ÞóØúÚó ÍóÞøö ãóäú ÇäúÚóÞóÏó ÓóÈóÈõ ÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö¡ Ýóáóãú ÊóÓúÞõØú¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ØóáøóÞó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ Ýöí ãóÑóÖö ãóæúÊöåö.

[ÝóÕúáõ ãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÞóÏúÑö ÇáËøóãóÑö æóÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö ÈöÇáúÎóÑúÕö]
(1845) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÓóÇÚöíóåõ ÅÐóÇ ÈóÏóÇ ÕóáóÇÍõ ÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ áöíóÎúÑõÕóåóÇ¡ æóíóÚúÑöÝó ÞóÏúÑó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö æóíõÚóÑøöÝó ÇáúãóÇáößó Ðóáößó. æóãöãøóäú ßóÇäó íóÑóì ÇáúÎóÑúÕó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ æóÓóåúáõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóËúãóÉó¡ æóãóÑúæóÇäõ¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÓöãõ Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúßóÑöíãö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÇáúãõÎóÇÑöÞö¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö. æóÍõßöíó Úóäú ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóÑúÕó ÈöÏúÚóÉñ.
æóÞóÇáó Ãóåúáõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö: ÇáúÎóÑúÕõ Ùóäøñ æóÊóÎúãöíäñ¡ áóÇ íóáúÒóãõ Èöåö Íõßúãñ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÎóÑúÕõ ÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ áöáúÃóßóÑóÉö áöÆóáøóÇ íóÎõæäõæÇ¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ Ãóäú íóáúÒóãó Èöåö Íõßúãñ¡ ÝóáóÇ.

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æóáóäóÇ¡ ãóÇ Ñóæóì ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøöÈö¡ Úóäú ÚóÊøóÇÈö Èúäö ÃóÓöíÏò¡ «Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÈúÚóËõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íóÎúÑõÕõ Úóáóíúåöãú ßõÑõæãóåõãú æóËöãóÇÑóåõãú» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ. æóÝöí áóÝúÙò Úóäú ÚóÊøóÇÈò¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÃóãóÑó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íõÎúÑóÕó ÇáúÚöäóÈõ¡ ßóãóÇ íõÎúÑóÕõ ÇáäøóÎúáõ¡ æóÊõÄúÎóÐó ÒóßóÇÊõåõ ÒóÈöíÈðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊõÄúÎóÐõ ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáäøóÎúáö ÊóãúÑðÇ» .
æóÞóÏú Úóãöáó Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÎóÑóÕó Úóáóì ÇãúÑóÃóÉò ÈöæóÇÏöí ÇáúÞõÑóì ÍóÏöíÞóÉð áóåóÇ¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí " ãõÓúäóÏöåö ". æóÚóãöáó Èöåö ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÈóÚúÏóåõ æóÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁõ. æóÞóÇáóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ¡ æóåöíó ÊóÐúßõÑõ ÔóÃúäó ÎóíúÈóÑó: «ßóÇäó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÈúÚóËõ ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Èúäó ÑóæóÇÍóÉó Åáóì íóåõæÏó¡ ÝóíóÎúÑõÕõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÇáäøóÎúáó Íöíäó íóØöíÈõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÄúßóáó ãöäúåõ» . ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏ. æóÞóæúáõåõãú: åõæó Ùóäøñ. ÞõáúäóÇ: Èóáú åõæó ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏñ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÞóÏúÑö ÇáËøóãóÑö æóÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö ÈöÇáúÎóÑúÕö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó äóæúÚñ ãöäú ÇáúãóÞóÇÏöíÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇíöíÑö¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÊóÞúæöíãö ÇáúãõÊúáóÝóÇÊö.
æóæóÞúÊõ ÇáúÎóÑúÕö Íöíäó íóÈúÏõæ ÕóáóÇÍõåõ¡ áöÞóæúáö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - íóÈúÚóËõ ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Èúäó ÑóæóÇÍóÉó¡ ÝóíóÎúÑõÕõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÇáäøóÎúáó Íöíäó íóØöíÈõ¡ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÄúßóáó ãöäúåõ. æóáöÃóäøó ÝóÇÆöÏóÉó ÇáúÎóÑúÕö ãóÚúÑöÝóÉõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÃóÑúÈóÇÈö ÇáËøöãóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÍóÇÌóÉõ ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæ Åáóì Ðóáößó Íöíäó íóÈúÏõæ ÇáÕøóáóÇÍõ¡ æóÊóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ

[ÝóÕúáõ íõÌúÒöÆõ ÎóÇÑöÕñ æóÇÍöÏñ]
(1846) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÎóÇÑöÕñ æóÇÍöÏñº áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÈúÚóËõ ÇÈúäó ÑóæóÇÍóÉó¡ ÝóíóÎúÑõÕõ¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú ãóÚóåõ ÛóíúÑóåõ¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕó íóÝúÚóáõ ãóÇ íõÄóÏøöíåö ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏõåõ Åáóíúåö¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÇáúÍóÇßöãö æóÇáúÞóÇÆöÝö¡ æóíõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóãöíäðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãõÊøóåóãò.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÕöÝóÉõ ÇáúÎóÑúÕö ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö]
(1847) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÕöÝóÉõ ÇáúÎóÑúÕö ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó äóæúÚðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõØöíÝõ Èößõáøö äóÎúáóÉò Ãóæú ÔóÌóÑóÉò¡ æóíóäúÙõÑõ ßóãú Ýöí ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÑõØóÈðÇ Ãóæú ÚöäóÈðÇ¡ Ëõãøó íõÞóÏøöÑõ ãóÇ íóÌöíÁõ ãöäúåóÇ ÊóãúÑðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ ÎóÑóÕó ßõáøó äóæúÚò Úóáóì ÍöÏóÊöåöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóäúæóÇÚó ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõ¡ ÝóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ íóßúËõÑõ ÑõØóÈõåõ æóíóÞöáøõ ÊóãúÑõåõ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÈöÇáúÚóßúÓö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáúÚöäóÈõ¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åáóì ãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÞóÏúÑö ßõáøö äóæúÚò¡ ÍóÊøóì íõÎúÑöÌó ÚõÔúÑóåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÕó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÇáößö¡ æóÚóÑøóÝóåõ ÞóÏúÑó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ ÎóíøóÑóåõ Èóíúäó Ãóäú íóÖúãóäó ÞóÏúÑó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóíóÊóÕóÑøóÝó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ãöäú Ãóßúáò æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÍöÝúÙöåóÇ Åáóì æóÞúÊö ÇáúÌóÏóÇÏö æóÇáúÌóÝóÇÝö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÍöÝúÙóåóÇ Ëõãøó ÃóÊúáóÝóåóÇ Ãóæú ÊóáöÝóÊú ÈöÊóÝúÑöíØöåö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÖóãóÇäõ äóÕöíÈö ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö

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ÈöÇáúÎóÑúÕö¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÊúáóÝóåóÇ ÃóÌúäóÈöíøñ¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÞöíãóÉõ ãóÇ ÃóÊúáóÝó.
æóÇáúÝóÑúÞõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ãóäøó ÑóÈøó ÇáúãóÇáö æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÊóÌúÝöíÝõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøõØóÈö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ Ýöí ãóäú ÃóÊúáóÝó ÃõÖúÍöíøóÊóåõ ÇáúãõÊóÚóíøöäóÉó: Úóáóíúåö ÃõÖúÍöíøóÉñ ãóßóÇäóåóÇ. æóÅöäú ÃóÊúáóÝóåóÇ ÃóÌúäóÈöíøñ ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÞöíãóÊõåóÇ. æóÅöäú ÊóáöÝóÊú ÈöÌóÇÆöÍóÉò ãöäú ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ÓóÞóØó Úóäúåõãú ÇáúÎóÑúÕõ. äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍúãóÏõº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóáöÝóÊú ÞóÈúáó ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÑö ÒóßóÇÊöåóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ÇÏøóÚóì ÊóáóÝóåóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÊóÝúÑöíØöåö¡ ÝóÇáúÞóæúáõ Þóæúáõåõ ÈöÛóíúÑö íóãöíäò¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÅöäú ÍóÝöÙóåóÇ Åáóì æóÞúÊö ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö áóÇ ÛóíúÑõ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇáÖøóãóÇäó¡ Ãóæú ÍóÝöÙóåóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉö¡ æóÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäóÊú ÃóßúËóÑó ãöãøóÇ ÎóÑóÕóåõ ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕõ Ãóæú ÃóÞóáøó.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ. æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: íóáúÒóãõåõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕõ¡ ÒóÇÏó Ãóæú äóÞóÕó¡ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ãõÊóÞóÇÑöÈóÉðº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍõßúãó ÇäúÊóÞóáó Åáóì ãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøóÇÚöí¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö æõÌõæÈö ãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚöäúÏó ÊóáóÝö ÇáúãóÇáö. æóáóäóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÃóãóÇäóÉñ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÕöíÑõ ãóÖúãõæäóÉð ÈöÇáÔøóÑúØö ßóÇáúæóÏöíÚóÉö¡ æóáóÇ äõÓóáøöãõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍõßúãó ÇäúÊóÞóáó Åáóì ãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøóÇÚöí¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÚúãóáõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÅÐóÇ ÊóÕóÑøóÝó Ýöí ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö¡ æóáóãú íóÚúáóãú ÞóÏúÑóåóǺ áöÃóäøó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑó ÅÕóÇÈóÊõåõ. ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÅÐóÇ ÎóÑóÕó Úóáóì ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ Ýöíåö ÝóÖúáñ ßóËöíÑñ¡ ãöËúáõ ÇáÖøóÚúÝö¡ ÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÇáúÝóÖúáöº áöÃóäøóåõ íóÎúÑõÕõ ÈöÇáÓøóæöíøóÉö. æóåóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãöËúáö Þóæúáö ãóÇáößò. æóÞóÇáó: ÅÐóÇ ÊóÌóÇÝóì ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäõ Úóäú ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÇáúÚõÔúÑö¡ íõÎúÑöÌõåõ ÝóíõÄóÏøöíåö.
æóÞóÇáó: ÅÐóÇ ÍóØøó ãöäú ÇáúÎóÑúÕö Úóäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ íóÊóÕóÏøóÞõ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ äóÞóÕõæåõ ãöäú ÇáúÎóÑúÕö. æóÅöäú ÃóÎóÐó ãöäúåõãú ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: íõÍúÊóÓóÈõ áóåõãú ãöäú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö áöÓóäóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì æóäóÞóáó Úóäúåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏ áóÇ íõÍúÊóÓóÈõ ÈöÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÛóÇÕöÈñ. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò: æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ. æóíóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäú íõÌúãóÚó Èóíúäó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóíõÍúÊóÓóÈõ Èöåö ÅÐóÇ äóæóì ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ Èöåö ÇáÊøóÚúÌöíáó¡ æóáóÇ íõÍúÊóÓóÈõ Èöåö ÅÐóÇ áóãú íóäúæö Ðóáößó.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇÏøóÚóì ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇáö ÛóáóØó ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕö]
ÝóÕúáñ æóÅöäú ÇÏøóÚóì ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇáö ÛóáóØó ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕö æóßóÇäó ãóÇ ÇÏøóÚóÇåõ ãõÍúÊóãóáðÇ¡ ÞõÈöáó Þóæúáõåõ ÈöÛóíúÑö íóãöíäò¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ãõÍúÊóãóáðÇ¡ ãöËúáõ Ãóäú íóÏøóÚöíó ÛóáóØó ÇáäøöÕúÝö æóäóÍúæöåö¡ áóãú íõÞúÈóáú ãöäúåõº áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÍúÊóãöáõ¡ ÝóíõÚúáóãõ ßóÐöÈõåõ. æóÅöäú ÞóÇáó: áóãú íóÍúÕõáú Ýöí íóÏóíøó ÛóíúÑõ åóÐóÇ. ÞõÈöáó ãöäúåõ ÈöÛóíúÑö íóãöíäò áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÏú íóÊúáóÝõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈöÂÝóÉò áóÇ äóÚúáóãõåóÇ.

[ÝóÕúáõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕö Ãóäú íóÊúÑõßó Ýöí ÇáúÎóÑúÕö ÇáËøõáõËó Ãóæú ÇáÑøõÈúÚó]
(1849) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÚóáóì ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕö Ãóäú íóÊúÑõßó Ýöí ÇáúÎóÑúÕö ÇáËøõáõËó Ãóæú ÇáÑøõÈúÚó¡ ÊóæúÓöÚóÉð Úóáóì ÃóÑúÈóÇÈö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáöº áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÍúÊóÇÌõæäó

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Åáóì ÇáúÃóßúáö åõãú æóÃóÖúíóÇÝõåõãú¡ æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÌöíÑóÇäóåõãú æóÃóåúáóåõãú æóÃóÕúÏöÞóÇÁóåõãú æóÓõÄøóÇáóåõãú. æóíóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö ÇáÓøõÞóÇØóÉõ¡ æóíóäúÊóÇÈõåóÇ ÇáØøóíúÑõ æóÊóÃúßõáõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúãóÇÑøóÉõ¡ Ýóáóæú ÇÓúÊóæúÝóì Çáúßõáøó ãöäúåõãú ÃóÖóÑøó Èöåöãú. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóäóÍúæõåõ ÞóÇáó ÇááøóíúËõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò.
æóÇáúãóÑúÌöÚõ Ýöí ÊóÞúÏöíÑö ÇáúãóÊúÑõæßö Åáóì ÇáÓøóÇÚöí ÈöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏöåö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÑóÃúí ÇáúÃóßóáóÉó ßóËöíÑðÇ ÊóÑóßó ÇáËøõáõËó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ ÊóÑóßó ÇáÑøõÈúÚóº áöãóÇ Ñóæóì Óóåúáõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóËúãóÉó «¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ: ÅÐóÇ ÎóÑóÕúÊõãú ÝóÎõÐõæÇ æóÏóÚõæÇ ÇáËøõáõËó¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÏóÚõæÇ ÇáËøõáõËó ÝóÏóÚõæÇ ÇáÑøõÈúÚõ» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏ¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ. æóÑóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ãóßúÍõæáò¡ ÞóÇáó: «ßóÇäó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅÐóÇ ÈóÚóËó ÇáúÎõÑøóÇÕó ÞóÇáó: ÎóÝøöÝõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáúÚóÑöíøóÉó æóÇáúæóÇØöÆóÉó æóÇáúÃóßóáóÉó» . ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: ÇáúæóÇØöÆóÉõ: ÇáÓøóÇÈöáóÉõ ÓõãøõæÇ ÈöÐóáößó áöæóØúÆöåöãú ÈöáóÇÏó ÇáËøöãóÇÑö ãõÌúÊóÇÒöíäó. æóÇáúÃóßóáóÉõ: ÃóÑúÈóÇÈõ ÇáËøöãóÇÑö æóÃóåúáõæåõãú¡ æóãóäú áóÕöÞó Èöåöãú. æóãöäúåõ ÍóÏöíËõ Óóåúáò Ýöí ãóÇáö ÓóÚúÏö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÓóÚúÏò¡ Íöíäó ÞóÇáó: áóæúáóÇ Ãóäøöí æóÌóÏúÊ Ýöíåö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÚóÑöíÔðÇ¡ áóÎóÑóÕúÊå ÊöÓúÚóãöÇÆóÉö æóÓúÞò¡ æóßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÚõÑõÔõ áöåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÃóßóáóÉö. æóÇáúÚóÑöíøóÉõ: ÇáäøóÎúáóÉõ Ãóæú ÇáäøóÎóáóÇÊõ íóåóÈõ ÅäúÓóÇäðÇ ËóãóÑóÊóåóÇ.
ÝóÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÑóÇíóÇ ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» . æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó áöÓóåúáö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÍóËúãóÉó: ÅÐóÇ ÃóÊóíúÊ Úóáóì äóÎúáò ÞóÏú ÍóÖóÑóåóÇ Þóæúãñ¡ ÝóÏóÚú áóåõãú ãóÇ íóÃúßõáõæäó. æóÇáúÍõßúãõ Ýöí ÇáúÚöäóÈö ßóÇáúÍõßúãö Ýöí ÇáäøóÎöíáö ÓóæóÇÁñ¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóÊúÑõßú áóåõãú ÇáúÎóÇÑöÕõ ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ Ýóáóåõãú ÇáúÃóßúáõ ÈöÞóÏúÑö Ðóáößó¡ æóáóÇ íõÍúÊóÓóÈõ Úóáóíúåöãú Èöåö.
äóÕøó Úóáóíúåöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÞøñ áóåõãú¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íõÎúÑöÌú ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÎóÇÑöÕðÇ ÝóÇÍúÊóÇÌó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇáö Åáóì ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö Ýöí ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö¡ ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÎóÇÑöÕðÇ¡ ÌóÇÒó Ãóäú íóÃúÎõÐó ÈöÞóÏúÑö Ðóáößó. ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞóÇÖöí. æóÅöäú ÎóÑóÕó åõæó æóÃóÎóÐó ÈöÞóÏúÑö Ðóáößó¡ ÌóÇÒó æóíóÍúÊóÇØõ Ýöí Ãóäú áóÇ íóÃúÎõÐó ÃóßúËóÑó ãöãøóÇ áóåõ ÃóÎúÐõåõ.

[ÝóÕúáõ íõÎúÑóÕõ ÇáäøóÎúáõ æóÇáúßóÑúãõ]
(1850) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíõÎúÑóÕõ ÇáäøóÎúáõ æóÇáúßóÑúãõº áöãóÇ ÑóæóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÇáúÃóËóÑö ÝöíåöãóÇ¡ æóáóãú íõÓúãóÚú ÈöÇáúÎóÑúÕö Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÎúÑóÕõ ÇáÒøóÑúÚõ Ýöí ÓõäúÈõáöåö. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóãóÇáößñº áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúÚó áóãú íóÑöÏú ÈöÇáúÎóÑúÕö Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ åõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö¡ áöÃóäøó ËóãóÑóÉó ÇáäøóÎúáö æóÇáúßóÑúãö ÊõÄúßóáõ ÑõØóÈðÇ¡ ÝóíõÎúÑóÕõ Úóáóì Ãóåúáöåö áöáÊøóæúÓöÚóÉö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ áöíõÎóáøöíó Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäó Ãóßúáö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö æóÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó íõÄóÏøõæäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ãöäúåóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÎõÑöÕó¡ æóáöÃóäøó ËóãóÑóÉó ÇáúßóÑúãö æóÇáäøóÎúáö ÙóÇåöÑóÉñ ãõÌúÊóãöÚóÉñ¡ ÝóÎóÑúÕõåóÇ ÃóÓúåóáõ ãöäú ÎóÑúÕö ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ íõÎúÑóÕõ.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ Úóáóì Ãóåúáöåö Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉõ ÅÐóÇ ÕóÇÑó ãõÕóÝøðì íóÇÈöÓðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Ãóäú íóÃúßõáõæÇ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ ÌóÑóÊú ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉõ ÈöÃóßúáöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÍúÊóÓóÈõ Úóáóíúåöãú. æóÓõÆöáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ ÚóãøóÇ íóÃúßõáõ ÃóÑúÈóÇÈõ ÇáÒøõÑõæÚö ãöäú ÇáúÝóÑöíßö¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Èöåö Ãóäú íóÃúßõáó ãöäúåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ ãóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åáóíúåö. æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉó ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ Èöåö¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ íóÃúßõáõåõ ÃóÑúÈóÇÈõ ÇáËøöãóÇÑö ãöäú ËöãóÇÑöåöãú¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÕõÝøöíó ÇáúÍóÈøõ

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ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö ßõáøöåö¡ æóáóãú íõÊúÑóßú ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñº áöÃóäøóåõ ÅäøóãóÇ ÊõÑöß áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö ÔóíúÁñ áößóæúäö ÇáäøõÝõæÓö ÊóÊõæÞõ Åáóì ÃóßúáöåóÇ ÑóØúÈóÉð¡ æóÇáúÚóÇÏóÉõ ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ Èöåö¡ æóÝöí ÇáÒøóÑúÚö ÅäøóãóÇ íõÄúßóáõ ÔóíúÁñ íóÓöíÑñ¡ áóÇ æóÞúÚó áóåõ.

[ÝóÕúáõ áóÇ íõÎúÑóÕõ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáäøóÎúáó æóÇáúßóÑúãö]
(1851) ÝóÕúáñ: æóáóÇ íõÎúÑóÕõ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ¡ æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáäøóÎúáó æóÇáúßóÑúãöº áöÃóäøó ÍóÈøóåõ ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞñ Ýöí ÔóÌóÑöåö¡ ãóÓúÊõæÑñ ÈöæóÑóÞöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó ÈöÃóåúáöåö Åáóì Ãóßúáöåö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáäøóÎúáö æóÇáúßóÑúãö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ËóãóÑóÉó ÇáäøóÎúáö ãõÌúÊóãöÚóÉñ Ýöí ÚõÐõæÞöåö¡ æóÇáúÚöäóÈö Ýöí ÚóäóÇÞöíÏöåö¡ Ýóíõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÇáúÎóÑúÕõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúÍóÇÌóÉõ ÏóÇÚöíóÉñ Åáóì ÃóßúáöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ÑõØõæÈóÊöåöãóÇ. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÇááøóíúËõ: íõÎúÑóÕõº áöÃóäøóåõ ËóãóÑñ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÝóíõÎúÑóÕõ ßóÇáÑøõØóÈö æóÇáúÚöäóÈö.
æóáóäóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ äóÕøó Ýöí ÎóÑúÕöåö¡ æóáóÇ åõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö¡ ÝóíóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö.

[ÝóÕúáõ æóÞúÊõ ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌö áöÒóßóÇÉö ÇáÒøõÑõæÚ]
(1852) ÝóÕúáñ: æóæóÞúÊõ ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌö áöáÒøóßóÇÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóÕúÝöíóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö æóÇáúÌóÝóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáËøöãóÇÑöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóæóÇäõ ÇáúßóãóÇáö æóÍóÇáõ ÇáöÇÏøöÎóÇÑö. æóÇáúãõÄúäóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóáúÒóãõ ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó Åáóì Íöíäö ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌö Úóáóì ÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÇáöº áöÃóäøó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó ßóÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö¡ æóãõÄúäóÉõ ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö æóÍöÝúÙõåóÇ æóÑóÚúíõåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÞöíóÇãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ Åáóì Íöíäó ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌö¡ Úóáóì ÑóÈøöåóÇ¡ ßóÐóÇ åóÇåõäóÇ. ÝóÅöäú ÃóÎóÐó ÇáÓøóÇÚöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóÌúÝöíÝö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÓóÇÁó¡ æóíóÑõÏøõåõ Åäú ßóÇäó ÑóØúÈðÇ ÈöÍóÇáöåö¡ æóÅöäú ÊóáöÝó ÑóÏøó ãöËúáóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ÌóÝøóÝóåõ æóßóÇäó ÞóÏúÑó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÇÓúÊóæúÝóì ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ïõæäóåõ ÃóÎóÐó ÇáúÈóÇÞöíó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÒóÇÆöÏðÇ ÑóÏøó ÇáúÝóÖúáó. æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÎúÑöÌõ áóåóÇ ÑóÈøó ÇáúãóÇáö¡ áóãú íõÌúÒöÆúåõ¡ æóáóÒöãóåõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóÌúÝöíÝöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÝóÑúÖö¡ Ýóáóãú íõÌúÒöÆúåõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÉó ãöäú ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö Úóäú ÇáúßöÈóÇÑö.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÞóØúÚö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö ÞóÈúáó ßóãóÇáöåóÇ ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäú ÇáúÚóØóÔö Ãóæú áöÖóÚúÝö ÇáúÌöãóÇÑö]
(1853) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöäú ÇõÍúÊöíÌó Åáóì ÞóØúÚö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö ÞóÈúáó ßóãóÇáöåóÇ¡ ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäú ÇáúÚóØóÔö¡ Ãóæú áöÖóÚúÝö ÇáúÌöãóÇÑö¡ ÌóÇÒó ÞóØúÚõåóǺ áöÃóäøó ÍóÞøó ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÅäøóãóÇ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúãõæóÇÓóÇÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ íõßóáøóÝõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ íõåúáößõ ÃóÕúáó ãóÇáöåö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÍöÝúÙó ÇáúÃóÕúáö ÃóÍúÝóÙõ áöáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ãöäú ÍöÝúÙö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö¡ áöÃóäøó ÍóÞøóåõãú íóÊóßóÑøóÑõ ÈöÍöÝúÙöåóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóäóÉò¡ Ýóåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÎúáö. Ëõãøó Åäú ßóÇäó íóßúÝöí ÊóÌúÝöíÝõ ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö Ïõæäó ÞóØúÚö ÌóãöíÚöåóÇ¡ ÌóÝøóÝóåóÇ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóßúÝö ÅáøóÇ ÞóØúÚõ ÌóãöíÚöåóÇ¡ ÌóÇÒó. æóßóÐóáößó Åäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÞóØúÚó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó áöÊóÍúÓöíäö ÇáúÈóÇÞöí ãöäúåóÇ ÌóÇÒó.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: íõÎóíøóÑõ ÇáÓøóÇÚöí Èóíúäó Ãóäú íõÞóÇÓöãó ÑóÈøó ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌóÏóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÎóÑúÕö¡ æóíóÃúÎõÐó äóÕöíÈóåõãú äóÎúáóÉð ãõÝúÑóÏóÉð¡ æóíóÃúÎõÐó ËóãóÑóÊóåóÇ¡ æóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÌõÐøóåóÇ¡ æóíõÞóÇÓöãóåõ ÅíøóÇåóÇ ÈöÇáúßóíúáö¡ æóíóÞúÓöãó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö¡ æóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÈöíÚóåóÇ ãöäú ÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÇáö Ãóæú ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö

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ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌóÏóÇÏö Ãóæú ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóíóÞúÓöãó ËóãóäóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò: Úóáóíúåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöíåö íóÇÈöÓðÇ. æóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøó ÃóÍúãóÏó äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö. æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÍõßúãõ Ýöí ÇáúÚöäóÈö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÌöíÁõ ãöäúåõ ÒóÈöíÈñ¡ ßóÇáúÎóãúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáÑøõØóÈö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÌöíÁõ ãöäúåõ ÊóãúÑñ ÌóíøöÏ¡ ßÇáÈÑäÈÇ æÇáåáíÇË.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÝóåóáøóÇ ÞõáúÊõãú áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåöº áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÏøóÎóÑõ¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÇáúÎóÖúÑóÇæóÇÊö¡ æóØóáúÚö ÇáúÝõÍøóÇáö. ÞõáúäóÇ: áöÃóäøóåõ íõÏøóÎóÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ áóãú íõÏøóÎóÑú åóÇåõäóÇ¡ áöÃóäøó ÃóÎúÐóåõ ÑõØóÈðÇ ÃóäúÝóÚõ¡ Ýóáóãú ÊóÓúÞõØú ãöäúåõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÍóÏøðÇ íóßõæäõ ãöäúåõ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóæúÓõÞò ÊóãúÑðÇ Ãóæú ÒóÈöíÈðÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì. æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊúáóÝó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇáö åóÐöåö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: Úóáóíúåö ÞöíãóÊõåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÃóÊúáóÝóåóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÇáö.
æóÚóáóì Þóæúáö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò: íóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÐöãøóÊöåö ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ ÊóãúÑðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÒóÈöíÈðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐöåö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóÌõÏøó ÇáÊøóãúÑó¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÞóæúáóÇäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ¡ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåõ ÞöíãóÊõåõ. æóÇáËøóÇäöí: íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÐöãøóÊöåö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó Èöåö.

[ÝóÕúáõ ßóíúÝöíøóÉõ ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌö áöÒóßóÇÉö ÇáÒøõÑõæÚ]
(1854) ÝóÕúáñ: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ßóíúÝöíøóÉõ ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãóÇáõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ äóæúÚðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ¡ ÃóÎóÐó ãöäúåõ ÌóíøöÏðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ÑóÏöíÆðǺ áöÃóäøó ÍóÞøó ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö íóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúãõæóÇÓóÇÉö¡ Ýóåõãú ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁö¡ áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ. æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ¡ ÃóÎóÐó ãöäú ßõáøö äóæúÚò ãóÇ íóÎõÕøõåõ. åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö. æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú ÇáúæóÓóØö. æóßóÐóáößó ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ ÅÐóÇ ÔóÞøó Úóáóíúåö ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÒóßóÇÉö ßõáøö äóæúÚò ãöäúåõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö: æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ: íõÄúÎóÐõ ÚõÔúÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ßõáøò ÈöÞóÏúÑöåö. æóåõæó Ãóæúáóìº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁö¡ ÝóíóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóÊóÓóÇæóæúÇ Ýöí ßõáøö äóæúÚò ãöäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ ãóÔóÞøóÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÅÎúÑóÇÌó ÍöÕøóÉö ßõáøö äóæúÚò ãöäúåõ íõÝúÖöí Åáóì ÊóÔúÞöíÕö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö¡ æóÝöíåö ãóÔóÞøóÉñ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ æóÌóÈó Ýöí ÇáÒøóÇÆöÏö ÈöÍöÓóÇÈöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÅÎúÑóÇÌõ ÇáÑøóÏöíÁöº áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: « {æóáÇ ÊóíóãøóãõæÇ ÇáúÎóÈöíËó ãöäúåõ ÊõäúÝöÞõæäó} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 267] ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÃõãóÇãóÉó Óóåúáõ Èúäõ ÍõäóíúÝò Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: åõæó ÇáúÌõÚúÑõæÑõ æóáóæúäõ ÇáúÍõÈóíúÞö¡ Ýóäóåóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íõÄúÎóÐó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíø¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò. ÞóÇáó: æóåõãóÇ ÖóÑúÈóÇäö ãöäú ÇáÊøóãúÑö. ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÅäøóãóÇ íóÕöíÑõ ÞöÔúÑðÇ Úóáóì äóæóì¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÅÐóÇ ÃóËúãóÑó ÕóÇÑó ÍóÔóÝðÇ. æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÃóÎúÐõ ÇáúÌóíøöÏö Úóäú ÇáÑøóÏöíÁöº áöÞóæúáö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÅíøóÇßó æóßóÑóÇÆöãó ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú» . ÝóÅöäú ÊóØóæøóÚó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇáö ÈöÐóáößó¡ ÌóÇÒó¡ æóáóåõ ËóæóÇÈõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ÝóÖúáö ÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉö.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÒóßóÇÉ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ Åäú ßóÇäó ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ÒóíúÊó áóåõ]
(1855) ÝóÕúáñ: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ÒóíúÊó áóåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÎúÑöÌõ ãöäúåõ ÚõÔúÑóåõ ÍóÈøðÇ¡ ÅÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈó¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÇáó ßóãóÇáöåö æóÇÏøöÎóÇÑöåö íõÎúÑöÌõ ãöäúåõ¡ ßóãóÇ íóÎúÑõÕõ ÇáÑøõØóÈó Ýöí ÍóÇáö ÑõØõæÈóÊöåö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóåõ ÒóíúÊñ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåõ ÒóíúÊðÇ¡ ÅÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó

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ÇáúÍóÈøõ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóãóÇáößò¡ æóÇááøóíúËö.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: íõÎúÑóÕõ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ¡ æóíõÄúÎóÐõ ÒóíúÊðÇ ÕóÇÝöíðÇ. æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: ÅÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò ÃóÎóÐó ÇáúÚõÔúÑó ãöäú ÒóíúÊöåö ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú íõÚúÕóÑó. æóÞóÇáó ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: íõÎúÑöÌõ ãöäú ÍóÈøöåö ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÇáúÍóÇáóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÃóæúÓóÇÞõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÅÎúÑóÇÌõåõ ÝöíåóÇ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáËøöãóÇÑö. æóåóÐóÇ ÌóÇÆöÒñ¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ãóæúáóìº áöÃóäøóåõ íóßúÝöí ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó ãõÄúäóÊóåõ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÃóÝúÖóáö¡ ßóÊóÌúÝöíÝö ÇáÊøóãúÑö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÇáõ ßóãóÇáöåö æóÇÏøöÎóÇÑöåö¡ ÝóíõÎúÑöÌõ ãöäúåõ¡ ßóãóÇ íóÎúÑõÕõ ÇáÑøõØóÈó Ýöí ÍóÇáö ÑõØõæÈóÊöåö¡ æóíõÎúÑöÌõ ãöäúåõ ÅÐóÇ íóÈöÓó.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÓóáö]
(1856) ÝóÕúáñ: æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÍúãóÏó Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÓóáö ÇáúÚõÔúÑó. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ: ÓõÆöáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö: ÃóäúÊó ÊóÐúåóÈõ Åáóì Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÓóáö ÒóßóÇÉð¿ ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú. ÃóÐúåóÈõ Åáóì Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÓóáö ÒóßóÇÉð¡ ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ¡ ÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐó ÚõãóÑõ ãöäúåõãú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó. ÞõáúÊ: Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÊóØóæøóÚõæÇ Èöåö¿ ÞóÇáó áóÇ. Èóáú ÃóÎóÐóåõ ãöäúåõãú.
æóíóÑúæöí Ðóáößó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóãóßúÍõæáò¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö ãõæÓóì¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó. æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ Èúäõ ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö: áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåöº áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇÆöÚñ ÎóÇÑöÌñ ãöäú ÍóíóæóÇäò¡ ÃóÔúÈóåó ÇááøóÈóäó. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö: áóíúÓó Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÓóáö ÎóÈóÑñ íóËúÈõÊõ æóáóÇ ÅÌúãóÇÚñ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: Åäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÚõÔúÑö ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö.
æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáö ãóÇ Ñóæóì ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö «¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íõÄúÎóÐõ Ýöí ÒóãóÇäöåö ãöäú ÞöÑóÈö ÇáúÚóÓóáö¡ ãöäú ßõáøö ÚóÔúÑö ÞöÑóÈò ÞöÑúÈóÉñ ãöäú ÃóæúÓóØöåóÇ.» ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú. æóÚóäú ÓõáóíúãóÇäö Èúäö ãõæÓóì «¡ Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÓóíøóÇÑóÉó ÇáúãõÊóÚöíøó ÞóÇáó: ÞõáúÊ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö: Åäøó áöí äóÍúáðÇ. ÞóÇáó: ÃóÏøö ÚõÔúÑóåóÇ. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÇÍúãö ÅÐóÇ ÌóÈóáóåóÇ. ÝóÍóãóÇåõ áóåõ.» ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú.
æóÑóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ Úóäú ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÐõÈóÇÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö¡ Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÃóãóÑóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÓóáö ÈöÇáúÚõÔúÑö. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáöÇÈúäõ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóÌóÈóÊú Ýöí ÃóÕúáöåö æóåöíó ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉõ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÚóÓóáö. æóÞóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó íóäúÈóäöí Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõÔúÑó æóÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó áóÇ íóÌúÊóãöÚóÇäö¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ Ðóáößó Åäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.

[ÝóÕúáõ äöÕóÇÈõ ÒóßóÇÉ ÇáúÚóÓóáö]
(1857) ÝóÕúáñ: æóäöÕóÇÈõ ÇáúÚóÓóáö ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÃóÝóÑóÇÞò. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏñ: ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóæúÓóÇÞòº áöÞóæúáö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóæúÓõÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ.» æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöí Þóáöíáöåö æóßóËöíÑöåö¡ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì ÃóÕúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö. æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáö ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøó äóÇÓðÇ ÓóÃóáõæåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åäøó

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ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóØóÚó áóäóÇ æóÇÏöíðÇ ÈöÇáúíóãóäö¡ Ýöíåö ÎóáóÇíóÇ ãöäú äóÍúáò¡ æóÅöäøóÇ äóÌöÏõ äóÇÓðÇ íóÓúÑöÞõæäóåóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -: Åäú ÃóÏøóíúÊõãú ÕóÏóÞóÊóåóÇ¡ ãöäú ßõáøö ÚóÔóÑóÉö ÃóÝúÑóÇÞò ÝóÑóÞðÇ¡ ÍóãóíúäóÇåóÇ áóßõãú. . ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÌõæÒóÌóÇäöíøõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÊóÞúÏöíÑñ ãöäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÝóíóÊóÚóíøóäõ ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ Åáóíúåö. ÅÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÞó ÓöÊøóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÑöØúáðÇ ÈöÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ äöÕóÇÈõåõ ãöÇÆóÉð æóÓöÊøöíäó ÑöØúáðÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏ: ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ Ýöí ÚóÔóÑóÉö ÃóÝúÑóÇÞò ÝóÑóÞñ¡ æóÇáúÝóÑóÞõ ÓöÊøóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÑöØúáðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÇãöÏò ÇáúÝóÑóÞõ ÓöÊøõæäó ÑöØúáðÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ ÓöÊøóãöÇÆóÉö ÑöØúáò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÑúæöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóáöíáó Èúäó ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ¡ ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáÑøóÇÁö: ãößúíóÇáñ ÖóÎúãñ ãöäú ãóßóÇíöíáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö. æóÞöíáó: åõæó ãöÇÆóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÑöØúáðÇ¡ æóíóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó äöÕóÇÈõåõ ÃóáúÝó ÑöØúáò¡ áöÍóÏöíËö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íõÄúÎóÐõ Ýöí ÒóãóÇäö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÞöÑóÈö ÇáúÚóÓóáö ãöäú ßõáøö ÚóÔúÑö ÞöÑóÈò ÞöÑúÈóÉñ ãöäú ÃóæúÓóØöåóÇ. æóÇáúÞöÑúÈóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö ãöÇÆóÉõ ÑöØúáò¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõáøóÊóíúäö ÎóãúÓõ ÞöÑóÈò¡ æóåöíó ÎóãúÓõãöÇÆóÉö ÑöØúáò.
æóÑóæóì ÓóÚöíÏñ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÐõÈóÇÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãöåö: Åäøóåõ áóÇ ÎóíúÑó Ýöí ãóÇáò áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÃóÎóÐúÊ ãöäú ßõáøö ÚóÔúÑö ÞöÑóÈò ÞöÑúÈóÉð¡ ÝóÌöÆúÊ ÈöåóÇ Åáóì ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐóåóÇ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáóåóÇ Ýöí ÕóÏóÞóÇÊö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó. æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáö Þóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó: ãöäú ßõáøö ÚóÔóÑóÉö ÃóÝúÑóÇÞò ÝóÑóÞðÇ æóÇáúÝóÑóÞõ¡ ÈöÊóÍúÑöíßö ÇáÑøóÇÁö: ÓöÊøóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÑöØúáðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÚúáóãõåõ¡ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÑóÞ ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÂÕõÚò «. æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áößóÚúÈö Èúäö ÚõÌúÑóÉó: ÃóØúÚöãú ÓöÊøóÉó ãóÓóÇßöíäó ÝóÑóÞðÇ ãöäú ØóÚóÇãò. ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõ ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÂÕõÚò.» æóÞóÇáóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ: «ßõäúÊ ÃóÛúÊóÓöáõ ÃóäóÇ æóÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÅäóÇÁò¡ åõæó ÇáúÝóÑóÞõ» . åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ÝóíóäúÕóÑöÝõ ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞõ Åáóíúåö. æóÇáúÝóÑóÞõ: åõæó ãößúíóÇáñ ÖóÎúãñ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Íóãúáõåõ Úóáóíúåöº áöæõÌõæåö: ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÔúåõæÑò Ýöí ßóáóÇãöåöãú¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãöåöãú.
ÞóÇáó ËóÚúáóÈñ: Þõáú ÝóÑøóÞó æóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú ÝóÑóÞñ. ÞóÇáó ÎöÏóÇÔõ Èúäõ ÒõåóíúÑò: íóÃúÎõÐõæäó ÇáúÃóÑúÔó Ýöí ÅÎúæóÊöåöãú ÝóÑóÞó ÇáÓøóãúäö æóÔóÇÉð Ýöí ÇáúÛóäóãö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó¡ ÞóÇáó: ãöäú ßõáøö ÚóÔóÑóÉö ÃóÝöÑóÇÞ ÝóÑøóÞó¡ æÇáÃÝÑÇÞ ÌóãúÚõ ÝóÑøóÞó¡ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÑøóÇÁö¡ æóÌóãúÚõ ÇáúÝóÑúÞö¡ ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáÑøóÇÁö¡ ÝõÑõæÞñ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÞöáøóÉö ÃóÝúÑõÞº áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóì æóÒúäö ÝóÚóáó ÓóÇßöäó ÇáúÚóíúäö ÛóíúÑó ãõÚúÊóáøò¡ ÝóÌóãúÚõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞöáøóÉö ÃóÝúÚóáõ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö ÝöÚóÇáõ Ãóæú ÝóÚõæøöáó.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÞó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãößúíóÇáñ ÖóÎúãñ ãöäú ãóßóÇíöíáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö áóÇ íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóíúåö ßóáóÇãõ ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÍúãóáõ ßóáóÇãõ ÚõãóÑó¡ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Úóáóì ãóßóÇíöíáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÒöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÈöåóÇ æóãöäú ÃóåúáöåóÇ¡ æóíõÄóßøöÏõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÝúÓöíÑó ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö áóåõ Ýöí äöÕóÇÈö ÇáúÚóÓóáö ÈöãóÇ ÞõáúäóÇåõ æóÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö Èöåö¡

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ÝóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÐóåóÈó Åáóíúåö. æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí ÇáúÎõÑøóÇÌ ÞöÓúãóÇäö ÕõáúÍñ æóÚóäúæóÉñ]
(1858) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÃóÑúÖóÇäö: ÕõáúÍñ¡ æóÚóäúæóÉñ) æóÌõãúáóÊõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÞöÓúãóÇäö: ÕõáúÍñ æóÚóäúæóÉñ¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÕøõáúÍõ Ýóåõæó ßõáøõ ÃóÑúÖò ÕóÇáóÍó ÃóåúáõåóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ áöÊóßõæäó áóåõãú¡ æóíõÄóÏøõæäó ÎóÑóÇÌðÇ ãóÚúáõæãðÇ¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãöáúßñ áöÃóÑúÈóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌõ Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö¡ ãóÊóì ÃóÓúáóãõæÇ ÓóÞóØó Úóäúåõãú¡ æóáóåõãú ÈóíúÚõåóÇ æóåöÈóÊõåóÇ æóÑóåúäõåóǺ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãöáúßñ áóåõãú¡ æóßóÐóáößó Åäú ÕóÇáóÍõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóÏóÇÁö ÔóíúÁò ÛóíúÑö ãõæóÙøóÝò Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ßõáøõ ÃóÑúÖò ÃóÓúáóãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÃóåúáõåóÇ¡ ßóÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö æóÔöÈúåöåóÇ¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ãöáúßñ áöÃóÑúÈóÇÈöåóÇ¡ áóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóáóåõãú ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝõ ÝöíåóÇ ßóíúÝó ÔóÇÁõæÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÝõÊöÍó ÚóäúæóÉð¡ Ýóåöíó ãóÇ ÃõÌúáöíó ÚóäúåóÇ ÃóåúáõåóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö¡ æóáóãú ÊõÞóÓøóãú Èóíúäó ÇáúÛóÇäöãöíäó¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÊóÕöíÑõ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ íõÖúÑóÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌñ ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÚóÇãò¡ íóßõæäõ ÃõÌúÑóÉð áóåóÇ¡ æóÊóÞóÑøõ Ýöí ÃóíúÏöí ÃóÑúÈóÇÈöåóÇ¡ ãóÇ ÏóÇãõæÇ íõÄóÏøõæäó ÎóÑóÇÌóåóÇ¡ ÓóæóÇÁ ßóÇäõæÇ ãõÓúáöãöíäó Ãóæú ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøöãøóÉö.
æóáóÇ íóÓúÞõØõ ÎóÑóÇÌõåóÇ ÈöÅöÓúáóÇãö ÃóÑúÈóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÈöÇäúÊöÞóÇáöåóÇ Åáóì ãõÓúáöãòº áöÃóäøóåõ ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÃõÌúÑóÊöåóÇ¡ æóáóãú äóÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÝõÊöÍó ÚóäúæóÉð ÞõÓöãó Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÅáøóÇ ÎóíúÈóÑó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÓóãó äöÕúÝóåóÇ¡ ÝóÕóÇÑó Ðóáößó áöÃóåúáöåö¡ áóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÓóÇÆöÑõ ãóÇ ÝõÊöÍó ÚóäúæóÉð ãöãøóÇ ÝóÊóÍóåõ ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - æóãóäú ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ßóÃóÑúÖö ÇáÔøóÇãö æóÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö æóãöÕúÑó æóÛóíúÑåóÇ¡ áóãú íõÞóÓøóãú ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ¡ ÝóÑóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ Ýöí " ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö " Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÞóÏöãó ÇáúÌóÇÈöíóÉó¡ ÝóÃóÑóÇÏó ÞöÓúãóÉó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ãõÚóÇÐñ: æóÇóááøóåö ÅÐóÇ áóíóßõæäóäøó ãóÇ ÊóßúÑóåõ¡ Åäøóß Åäøó ÞóÓøóãúÊåóÇ Çáúíóæúãó ÕóÇÑó ÇáÑøóíúÚõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ Ýöí ÃóíúÏöí ÇáúÞóæúãö¡ Ëõãøó íóÈöíÏõæäó ÝóíóÕöíÑõ Ðóáößó Åáóì ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö æóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÏöåöãú Þóæúãñ ÃóÎøóÑó íóÓõÏøõæäó ãöäú ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ãóÓóÏøðÇ æóåõãú áóÇ íóÌöÏõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ÃóãúÑðÇ íóÓóÚõ Ãóæøóáóåõãú æóÂÎöÑóåõãú. ÝóÕóÇÑó ÚõãóÑõ Åáóì Þóæúáö ãõÚóÇÐò
æóÑóæóì ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÇáúãóÇÌöÔõæäö: ÞóÇáó ÈöáóÇáñ áöÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑóì ÇáøóÊöí ÇÝúÊóÊóÍõæåóÇ ÚóäúæóÉð: ÇÞúÓöãúåóÇ ÈóíúäóäóÇ¡ æóÎõÐú ÎõãúÓóåóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: áóÇ¡ åóÐóÇ Úóíúäõ ÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóáóßöäøöí ÃóÍúÈöÓõåõ ÝóíúÆðÇ íóÌúÑöí Úóáóíúåöãú æóÚóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó. ÝóÞóÇáó ÈöáóÇáñ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ áöÚõãóÑó: ÇÞúÓöãúåóÇ ÈóíúäóäóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: Çááøóåõãøó ÇßúÝöäöí ÈöáóÇáðÇ æóÐóæöíåö. ÞóÇáó ÝóãóÇ ÍóÇáó ÇáúÍóæúáõ æóãöäúåõãú Úóíúäñ ÊóØúÑöÝõ.
æóÑóæóì¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÓõÝúíóÇäó Èúäö æóåúÈò ÇáúÎóæúáóÇäöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ ÇÝúÊóÊóÍó ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÇáúÚóÇÕö ãöÕúÑó¡ ÞóÇãó ÇÈúäõ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÚóãúÑóæ Èúäó ÇáúÚóÇÕö¡ ÇÞúÓöãúåóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóãúÑæ: áóÇ ÃóÞúÓöãõåóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑõ: áóÊóÞúÓöãóäåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÓóãó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÎóíúÈóÑó. ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóãúÑæ: áóÇ ÃóÞúÓöãõåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÃóßúÊõÈó Åáóì ÃóãöíÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ÝóßóÊóÈó Åáóì ÚõãóÑó¡ ÝóßóÊóÈó Åáóíúåö ÚõãóÑõ: Ãóäøó ÏóÚúåóÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÚúÑóæúÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÍóÈóáõ ÇáúÍóÈóáóÉö. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: æóáóãú íõäúÞóáú Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ Úóäú ÃóÍóÏò ãöäú ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÓóãó ÃóÑúÖðÇ ÚóäúæóÉð ÅáøóÇ ÎóíúÈóÑó.

[ÝóÕúáõ ãóäú íóÞõæãõ Úóáóì ÃóÑúÖö ÇáÕøõáúÍö æóÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÚóäúæóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó]
(1859) ÝóÕúáñ: ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: æóãóäú íóÞõæãõ Úóáóì ÃóÑúÖö ÇáÕøõáúÍö æóÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÚóäúæóÉö¡ æóãöäú Ãóíúäó åöíó¡ æóÅöáóì Ãóíúäó åöíó¿ æóÞóÇáó:

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ÃóÑúÖõ ÇáÔøóÇãö ÚóäúæóÉñ¡ ÅáøóÇ ÍöãúÕó æóãóæúÖöÚðÇ ÂÎóÑó. æóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáäøóåúÑö ÕõáúÍñ¡ æóãóÇ æóÑóÇÁóåõ ÚóäúæóÉñ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÝóÊóÍó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ÇáÓøóæóÇÏó ÚóäúæóÉð¡ ÅáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ ÕõáúÍñ¡ æóåöíó ÃóÑúÖõ ÇáúÍöíÑóÉö¡ æóÃóÑúÖõ ãóÇäóÞöíóÇ. æóÞóÇáó: ÃóÑúÖõ ÇáËøóÑöíøö ÎóáóØõæÇ Ýöí ÃóãúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ÝõÊöÍó ÚóäúæóÉð ãöäú äóåóÇæóäúÏó Åáóì ØóÈóÑöÓúÊóÇäó ÎóÑóÇÌñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: ÃóÑúÖõ ÇáÔøóÇãö ÚóäúæóÉñ¡ ãóÇ ÎóáóÇ ãõÏõäóåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÝõÊöÍóÊú ÕõáúÍðÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ ÞóíúÓóÇÑöíøóÉó¡ ÇõÝúÊõÊöÍóÊú ÚóäúæóÉð¡ æóÃóÑúÖõ ÇáÓøóæóÇÏö æóÇáúÍöáøö æóäóåóÇæóäúÏó æóÇáúÃóåúæóÇÒó æóãöÕúÑó æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö. ÞóÇáó ãõæÓóì Èúäõ Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÑóÈóÇÍò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö: ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈõ ßõáøõåõ ÚóäúæóÉñ. ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÃóÑúÖõ ÇáÕøõáúÍö ÝóÃóÑúÖõ åóÌóÑó¡ æóÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö¡ æóÃóíúáóÉó¡ æóÏõæãóÉö ÇáúÌóäúÏóáö¡ æóÃóÐúÑõÍó¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÞõÑóì ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÏøóÊú Åáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉó¡ æóãõÏõä ÇáÔøóÇãö ãóÇ ÎóáóÇ ÃóÑúÖóåóÇ ÅáøóÇ ÞóíúÓóÇÑöíøóÉó æóÈöáóÇÏó ÇáúÌóÒöíÑóÉö ßõáøóåóÇ¡ æóÈöáóÇÏõ ÎõÑóÇÓóÇäó ßõáøõåóÇ Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑõåóÇ ÕõáúÍñ¡ æóßõáøõ ãóæúÖöÚò ÝõÊöÍó ÚóäúæóÉð ÝóÅöäøóåõ æóÞúÝñ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.

[ÝóÕúáõ Íõßúã ÎóÑóÇÌ ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÃúäóÝó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ÝóÊúÍóåõ]
(1860) ÝóÕúáñ: æóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÃúäóÝó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ÝóÊúÍóåõ¡ ÝóÅöäú ÝõÊöÍó ÚóäúæóÉð ÝóÝöíåö ËóáóÇËõ ÑöæóÇíóÇÊò: ÅÍúÏóÇåõäøó¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãó ãõÎóíøóÑñ Èóíúäó ÞöÓúãóÊöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÛóÇäöãöíäó¡ æóÈóíúäó æóÞóÝøóíúÊåóÇ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäóº áöÃóäøó ßöáóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöíåö ÍõÌøóÉñ Úóäú ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÓøóãó äöÕúÝó ÎóíúÈóÑó¡ æóæóÞóÝó äöÕúÝóåóÇ áöäóæóÇÆöÈöåö
æóæóÞóÝó ÚõãóÑõ ÇáÔøóÇãó æóÇáúÚöÑóÇÞó æóãöÕúÑó æóÓóÇÆöÑó ãóÇ ÝóÊóÍóåõ¡ æóÃóÞóÑøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑõæÇ Úóáóíúåö Èöåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÝóÚóáó ãóäú ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöäú ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö¡ æóáóãú íõÚúáóãú ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäúåõãú ÞóÓóãó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÝúÊóÊóÍõæåóÇ. æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÕöíÑõ æóÞúÝðÇ ÈöäóÝúÓö ÇáöÇÓúÊöíáóÇÁö ÚóáóíúåóǺ áöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÞöÓúãóÉõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÎóíúÈóÑó ßóÇäó Ýöí ÈóÏúÁö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú
ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉõ
Ýöíåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÚóíøóäóÊú
ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉõ
ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Ýöí æóÞúÝö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóßóÇäó Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó. æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó ÞöÓúãóÊõåóÇ.
æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑòº áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó¡ æóÝöÚúáõåõ Ãóæúáóì ãöäú ÝöÚúáö ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ãóÚó Úõãõæãö Þóæúáå ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÇÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÛóäöãúÊõãú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÃóäøó áöáøóåö ÎõãõÓóåõ} [ÇáÃäÝÇá: 41] . ÇáúÂíóÉõ. íõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóÎúãóÇÓåóÇ áöáúÛóÇäöãöíäó. æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì Ãóæúáóìº áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÚóáó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ýöí ÎóíúÈóÑó¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÞóÇáó: áóæúáóÇ ÂÎöÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÞóÓóãúÊ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ßóãóÇ ÞóÓóãó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÎóíúÈóÑó.
ÝóÞóÏú æóÞóÝó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóÚó Úöáúãöåö ÈöÝöÚúáö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÝöÚúáóåõ

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Ðóáößó áóãú íóßõäú ãõÊóÚóíøöäðÇ¡ ßóíúÝó æóÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÏú æóÞóÝó äöÕúÝó ÎóíúÈóÑó¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú áöáúÛóÇäöãöíäó áóãú íóßõäú áóåõ æóÞúÝõåóÇ. ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: ÊóæóÇÊóÑóÊú ÇáúÂËóÇÑõ Ýöí ÇÝúÊöÊóÇÍö ÇáúÃóÑúÖöíäó ÚóäúæóÉð ÈöåóÐóíúäö ÇáúÍõßúãóíúäöº Íõßúãö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÎóíúÈóÑó Íöíäó ÞóÓóãóåóÇ¡ æóÈöåö ÃóÔóÇÑó ÈöáóÇáñ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ Úóáóì ÚõãóÑó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÇáÔøóÇãö¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó Èöåö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑõ Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ãöÕúÑó¡ æóÍõßúãö ÚõãóÑó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÇáÓøóæóÇÏö æóÛóíúÑöåö Íöíäó æóÞóÝóåõ¡ æóÈöåö ÃóÔóÇÑó Úóáöíøñ¡ æóãõÚóÇÐñ¡ Úóáóì ÚõãóÑó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÇáÔøóÇãö æóáóíúÓó ÝöÚúáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÑóÇÏøðÇ áöÝöÚúáö ÚõãóÑóº áöÃóäøó ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÇÊøóÈóÚó ÂíóÉð ãõÍúßóãóÉð¡ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÇÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÛóäöãúÊõãú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÃóäøó áöáøóåö ÎõãõÓóåõ} [ÇáÃäÝÇá: 41] . æóÞóÇáó: {ãóÇ ÃóÝóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì} [ÇáÍÔÑ: 7] . ÇáúÂíóÉõ.
ÝóßóÇäó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÌóÇÆöÒðÇ¡ æóÇáäøóÙóÑõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Åáóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ ÝóãóÇ ÑóÃóì ãöäú Ðóáößó ÝóÚóáóåõ. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏò. ÅÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑó ÇáúãõÝóæøóÖó Åáóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ãóÕúáóÍóÉò¡ áóÇ ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÊõÔóåøö ÝóíóáúÒóãõåõ ÝöÚúáõ ãóÇ íóÑóì ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉó Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäúåõ¡ ßóÇáúÎöíóÑóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóÊúáö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÑúÞóÇÞö¡ æóÇáúÝöÏóÇÁö æóÇáúãóäøö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúÑóì¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åáóì ÇáäøõØúÞö ÈöÇáúæóÞúÝö¡ Èóáú ÊóÑúßõåõ áóåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÞöÓúãóÉò åõæó æóÞúÝõåõ áóåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÞóÓóãóåóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÛóÇäöãöíäó áóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ ãóÚóåõ Åáóì áóÝúÙòº æóÅöäú ÚõãóÑó æóÛóíúÑóåõ áóãú íõäúÞóáú Úóäúåõãú Ýöí æóÞúÝö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÝúÙõ ÇáúæóÞúÝö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì æóÞúÝöåóÇ åóÇåõäóÇ¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóÇÞöíóÉñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ íõÄúÎóÐõ ÎóÑóÇÌõåóÇ¡ æóíõÕúÑóÝõ Ýöí ãóÕóÇáöÍöåöãú¡ æóáóÇ íõÎóÕøõ ÃóÍóÏñ Èöãöáúßö ÔóíúÁò ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÍóÇÕöáñ ÈöÊóÑúßöåóÇ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ãóÇ ÕóÇáöÍ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑ ãöäú ÃóÑúÖöåöãú Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó áóäóÇ æóäõÞöÑøõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÎõÑøóÇÌö ãóÚúáõæãò]
ÝóÕúáñ: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ÌóáóÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ÃóåúáõåóÇ ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäú ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÊóÕöíÑõ æóÞúÝðÇ ÈöäóÝúÓö ÇáÙøõåõæÑö ÚóáóíúåóǺ áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ãõÊóÚóíøöäñ ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÅÐú áóãú íóßõäú áóåóÇ ÛóÇäöãñ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÍõßúãõåóÇ Íõßúãó ÇáúÝóíúÁö íóßõæäõ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ßõáøöåöãú. æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÕöíÑõ æóÞúÝðÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÞöÝóåóÇ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ¡ æóÍõßúãõåóÇ Íõßúãõ ÇáúÚóäúæóÉö ÅÐóÇ æõÞöÝóÊú. æóãóÇ ÕóÇáóÍó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ãöäú ÃóÑúÖöåöãú¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó áóäóÇ¡ æóäõÞöÑøõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÎõÑøóÇÌö¡ ãóÚúáõæãò¡ Ýóåõæó æóÞúÝñ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ Íõßúãõåõ Íõßúãõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõº áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÊóÍó ÎóíúÈóÑó¡ æóÕóÇáóÍó ÃóåúáóåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÚúãõÑõæÇ ÃóÑúÖóåóÇ¡ æóáóåõãú äöÕúÝõ ËóãóÑóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÕóÇáóÍó Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÌúáöíóåõãú ãöäú ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóáóåõãú ãóÇ ÃõÞöáúÊ ÇáúÅöÈöáõ ãöäú ÇáúÃóãúÊöÚóÉö æóÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö¡ ÅáøóÇ ÇáúÍóáúÞóÉó - íóÚúäöí ÇáÓøöáóÇÍó - ÝóßóÇäóÊú ãöãøóÇ ÃóÝóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö.
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ÕõæáöÍõæÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó áóåõãú¡ æóäõÞöÑøõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÎõÑøóÇÌö ãóÚúáõæãò. ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌõ Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö¡ ÊóÓúÞõØõ ÈöÅöÓúáóÇãöåöãú¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ áóåõãú áóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌó ÚóáóíúåóǺ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó ÇáøóÐöí ÖõÑöÈó Úóáóíúåöãú ÅäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ßõÝúÑöåöãú¡ ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö

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ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈóÉö Úóáóì ÑõÁõæÓöåöãú¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÓúáóãõæÇ ÓóÞóØó¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÓúÞõØõ ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉõ¡ æóÊóÈúÞóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãöáúßðÇ áóåõãú¡ áóÇÎúÑóÇÌøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ. æóáóæú ÇäúÊóÞóáóÊú ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ Åáóì ãõÓúáöãò¡ áóãú íóÌöÈú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌñ áöÐóáößó.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÔöÑóÇÁõ ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãóæúÞõæÝóÉö Ãóæú ÈóíúÚå]
(1862) ÝóÕúáñ: æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÔöÑóÇÁõ ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãóæúÞõæÝóÉö æóáóÇ ÈóíúÚõåõ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáó ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãöº ãöäúåõãú ÚõãóÑõ¡ æóÚóáöíøñ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú -. æóÑõæöíó Ðóáößó Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãõÛóÝøóáò¡ æóÞóÈöíÕóÉó Èúäö ÐõÄóíúÈò¡ æóãõÓúáöãö Èúäö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóãóíúãõæäö Èúäö ãöåúÑóÇäó¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóãóÇáößò¡ æóÃóÈöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÇáúÝóÒóÇÑöíøö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ: áóãú íóÒõáú ÃóÆöãøóÉõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó íóäúåóæúäó Úóäú ÔöÑóÇÁö ÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö¡ æóíóßúÑóåõåõ ÚõáóãóÇÄõåõãú. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ: ÃóÌúãóÚó ÑóÃúíõ ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ÙóåóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÇãö¡ Úóáóì ÅÞúÑóÇÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì Ýöí ÞõÑóÇåõãú¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãú ãöäú ÃóÑúÖöåöãú¡ íóÚúãõÑõæäóåóÇ¡ æóíõÄóÏøõæäó ÎóÑóÇÌóåóÇ Åáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóíóÑóæúäó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ áóÃóÍóÏò ãöäú ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÔöÑóÇÁõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÃóíúÏöíåãú ãöäú ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ØóæúÚðÇ æóáóÇ ßóÑöåóÇ.
æóßóÑöåõæÇ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÚõãóÑó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖöíäó ÇáúãóÍúÈõæÓóÉö Úóáóì ÂÎöÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ãöäú ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ áóÇ ÊõÈóÇÚõ æóáóÇ ÊõæÑóËõ¡ ÞõæøóÉð Úóáóì ÌöåóÇÏö ãóäú áóãú ÊóÙúåóÑú Úóáóíúåö ÈóÚúÏõ ãöäú ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó. æóÞóÇáó ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ: ÅÐóÇ ÃóÞóÑøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚóäúæóÉö Ýöí ÃóÑúÖöåöãú¡ ÊóæóÇÑóËõæåóÇ æóÊóÈóÇíóÚõæåóÇ æóÑõæöíó äóÍúæõ åóÐóÇ Úóäú ÇÈúäö ÓöíÑöíäó¡ æóÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøöº áöãóÇ Ñóæóì ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ íóÒöíÏó Ãóäøó¡ ÇÈúäó ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇÔúÊóÑóì ãöäú ÏöåúÞóÇäó ÃóÑúÖðÇ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóßúÝöíóåõ ÌöÒúíóÊóåóÇ.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «äóåóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäú ÇáÓøóÝóÑö Ýöí ÇáúÃóåúáö æóÇáúãóÇáö» . Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö: ÝóßóíúÝó ÈöãóÇáö ÈöÒóÇÐóÇäó¡ æóÈößóÐóÇ¡ æóÈößóÐóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó áóåõ ãóÇáðÇ ÈöÒóÇÐóÇäó. æóáöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÑúÖñ áóåõãú¡ ÝóÌóÇÒó ÈóíúÚõåóÇ. æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: Åäú ßóÇäó ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁõ ÃóÓúåóáó íóÔúÊóÑöí ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ãóÇ íóßúÝöíå æóíõÛúäöíå Úóäú ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ åõæó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäú ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó. æóßóÑöåó ÇáúÈóíúÚó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÇáÓøóæóÇÏö. æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÑóÎøóÕó Ýöí ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö - æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ - áöÃóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÇÔúÊóÑóì¡ æóáóãú íõÓúãóÚú Úóäúåõãú ÇáúÈóíúÚõ¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁó ÇÓúÊöÎúáóÇÕñ áöáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóíóÞõæãõ ÝöíåóÇ ãóÞóÇãó ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí íóÏöåö¡ æóÇáúÈóíúÚõ ÃóÎúÐõ ÚöæóÖò Úóäú ãóÇ áóÇ íóãúáößõåõ æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ.
æóáóäóÇ: ÅÌúãóÇÚõ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú -¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÊóÔúÊóÑõæÇ ÑóÞöíÞó Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøöãøóÉö æóáóÇ ÃóÑúÖóåõãú. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ: ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÚõÊúÈóÉõ Èúäõ ÝóÑúÞóÏò ÃóÑúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÔóÇØöÆö ÇáúÝõÑóÇÊö¡ áöíóÊøóÎöÐó ÝöíåóÇ ÞóÕóÈðÇ¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó Ðóáößó áöÚõãóÑó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãöãøóäú ÇÔúÊóÑóíúÊåóÇ¿ ÞóÇáó: ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÇÈöåóÇ. ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑõæäó æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑõ¡

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ÞóÇáó: åóÄõáóÇÁö ÃóÑúÈóÇÈõåóÇ¡ Ýóåóáú ÇÔúÊóÑóíúÊ ãöäúåõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÇÑúÏõÏúåóÇ Úóáóì ãóäú ÇÔúÊóÑóíúÊåóÇ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÎõÐú ãóÇáóß.
æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Ýöí ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ÈöãóÍúÖóÑö ÓóÇÏóÉö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö æóÃóÆöãøóÊöåöãú¡ Ýóáóãú íõäúßóÑú¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÅÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÓóÈöíáó Åáóì æõÌõæÏö ÅÌúãóÇÚò ÃóÞúæóì ãöäú åóÐóÇ æóÔöÈúåöåö¡ ÅÐú áóÇ ÓóÈöíáó Åáóì äóÞúáö Þóæúáö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Ýöí ãóÓúÃóáóÉò¡ æóáóÇ Åáóì äóÞúáö Þóæúáö ÇáúÚóÔóÑóÉö¡ æóáóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚõ ÅáøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó. ÇáúãõäúÊóÔöÑó.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÝóÞóÏú ÎóÇáóÝóåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ Úóäúåõ. ÞõáúäóÇ: áóÇ äõÓóáøöãõ ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉó. æóÞóæúáõåõãú ÇÔúÊóÑóì. ÞõáúäóÇ: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö: ÇßúÊóÑóì. ßóÐóáößó ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò. æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ: Úóáóì Ãóäú íóßúÝöíóåõ ÌöÒúíóÊóåóÇ. æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ãõÔúÊóÑöíðÇ áóåóÇ æóÌöÒúíóÊõåóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö. æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì Úóäúåõ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ãóäú ÃóÞóÑøó ÈöÇáØøóÓúÞö ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÞóÑøó ÈöÇáÕøöÛóÇÑö æóÇáÐøõáøö. æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁó åóÇåõäóÇ ÇáöÇßúÊöÑóÇÁõ. æóßóÐóáößó ßõáøõ ãóäú ÑõæöíóÊú Úóäúåõ ÇáÑøõÎúÕóÉõ Ýöí ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö ÝóãóÍúãõæáñ Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóßóíúÝó ÈöãóÇáö ÈöÒóÇÐóÇäó. ÝóáóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÐößúÑõ ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÇáó ÃóÑúÖñ¡ ÝóíóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏó ãóÇáðÇ ãöäú ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö Ãóæú ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö Ãóæú ÇáÒøóÑúÚö. Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóíóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÑúÖñ ÃóßúÊóÑóÇåóÇ¡ æóíóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöÐóáößó ÛóíúÑóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú íóÚöíÈõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáúãóÚöíÈó ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö. ÌóæóÇÈñ ËóÇäò¡ Ãóäøóåõ íóÊóäóÇæóáõ ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁó¡ æóÈóÞöíó Þóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Ýöí Çáäøóåúíö Úóäú ÇáúÈóíúÚö ÛóíúÑó ãõÚóÇÑöÖò¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÝóáöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóæúÞõæÝóÉñ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌõÒú ÈóíúÚõåóÇ¡ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóÍúÈóÇÓö æóÇáúæõÞõæÝö¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì æóÞúÝöåóÇ ÇáäøóÞúáõ æóÇáúãóÚúäóìº ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøóÞúáõ¡ ÝóãóÇ äõÞöáó ãöäú ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö¡ Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó áóãú íóÞúÓöãú ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÇáøóÊöí ÇÝúÊóÊóÍóåóÇ¡ æóÊóÑóßóåóÇ áöÊóßõæäó ãóÇÏøóÉð áöÃóÌúäóÇÏö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÞóÇÊöáõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö Åáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú äóÞóáúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó ãóÔúåõæÑñ ÊõÛúäöí ÔõåúÑóÊõåõ Úóäú äóÞúáöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÝóáöÃóäøóåóÇ áóæú ÞõÓöãóÊú áóßóÇäóÊú áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÝúÊóÊóÍõæåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó áöæóÑóËóÊöåöãú¡ Ãóæú áöãóäú ÇäúÊóÞóáóÊú Åáóíúåö Úóäúåõãú¡ æóáóãú Êóßõäú ãõÔúÊóÑóßóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóáöÃóäøóåóÇ áóæú ÞõÓöãóÊú¡ æóáóãú ÊóÎúÝó ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö. ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÝóáóíúÓó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúæóÞúÝõº áöÃóäøóåõ íóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÑóßóåóÇ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÚóÇãøóÉð¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÝóíúÆðÇ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÇáúÅöãóÇãõ äóÇÆöÈõåõãú¡ ÝóíóÝúÚóáõ ãóÇ íóÑóì Ýöíåö ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉó¡ ãöäú ÈóíúÚò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóíóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÑóßóåóÇ áöÃóÑúÈóÇÈöåóÇ¡ ßóÝöÚúáö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöãóßøóÉó. ÞõáúäóÇ: ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõº áöÃóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÅäøóãóÇ ÊóÑóßó ÞöÓúãóÊóåóÇ áöÊóßõæäó ãóÇÏøóÉð áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ßõáøöåöãú¡ íóäúÊóÝöÚõæäó ÈöåóÇ¡ ãóÚó ÈóÞóÇÁö ÃóÕúáöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÞúÝö¡ æóáóæú ÌóÇÒó ÊóÎúÕöíÕõ Þóæúãò ÈöÃóÕúáöåóÇ áóßóÇäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÝúÊóÊóÍõæåóÇ ÃóÍóÞøó ÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íóãúäóÚóåóÇ ÃóåúáóåóÇ áöãõÝúÓöÏóÉö¡ Ëõãøó íóÎõÕøõ ÈöåóÇ ÛóíúÑóåõãú ãóÚó æõÌõæÏö ÇáúãóÝúÓóÏóÉö ÇáúãóÇäöÚóÉö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÝóÓóÇÏðÇ ãöäú ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÅÐóÇ ãóäóÚóåóÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøöíäó¡ ßóíúÝó íóÎõÕøõ ÈöåóÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáÐøöãøóÉö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ ÍóÞøó áóåõãú æóáóÇ äóÕöíÈó¿ .

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[ÝóÕúáõ ÔóÑóØó ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑóì ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚö]
(1863) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ ÈöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ Êóßõæäõ Ýöí íóÏö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí íóÏö ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚö¡ íõÄóÏøöí ÎóÑóÇÌóåóÇ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö åóÇåõäóÇ äóÞúáó ÇáúíóÏö ãöäú ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚö Åáóì ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí ÈöÚöæóÖö. æóÅöäú ÔóÑóØó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚö ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇßúÊöÑóÇÁð áóÇ ÔöÑóÇÁó¡ æóíóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑöØó ÈóíóÇäó ãõÏøóÊöåö¡ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÅöÌóÇÑóÇÊö.
(1864) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÈöíÚóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ¡ ÝóÍóßóãó ÈöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúÈóíúÚö ÍóÇßöãñ¡ ÕóÍøóº áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÎúÊóáóÝñ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÕóÍøó ÈöÍõßúãö ÇáúÍóÇßöãö¡ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúãõÌúÊóåóÏóÇÊö. æóÅöäú ÈóÇÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÔóíúÆðÇ áöãõÕúáöÍóÉö ÑóÂåóÇ¡ ãöËúáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åáóì ÚöãóÇÑóÉò áóÇ íóÚúãõÑõåóÇ ÅáøóÇ ãöäú íóÔúÊóÑöíåóÇ¡ ÕóÍøó ÃóíúÖðǺ áöÃóäøó ÝöÚúáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ßóÍõßúãö ÇáúÍóÇßöãö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇÆöÐò¡ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÝõÊõæÍö ÇáÔøóÇãö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ãóÔúíóÎóÊöäóÇ Åäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÓóÃóáõæÇ ÚóÈúÏó Çáúãóáößö æóÇáúæóáöíÏó æóÓóáúãóÇäó Ãóäú íóÃúÐóäõæÇ áóåõãú Ýöí ÔöÑóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøöãøóÉö¡ ÝóÃóÐöäõæÇ áóåõãú Úóáóì ÅÏúÎóÇáö ÃóËúãóÇäöåóÇ Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÇáö.
ÝóáóãøóÇ æóáöí ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÃóÚúÑóÖó Úóäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÔúÑöíóÉöº áöÇÎúÊöáóÇØö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÝöíåóÇ áöãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÇáúãóæóÇÑöíËö æóãõåõæÑö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö æóÞóÖóÇÁö ÇáÏøõíõæäö¡ æóáóãú íóÞúÏöÑú Úóáóì ÊóÎúáöíÕöåö æóáóÇ ãóÚúÑöÝóÉö Ðóáößó æóßóÊóÈó ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ÞõÑöÆó Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÓóäóÉó ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÔóíúÆðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÓóäóÉö ãöÇÆóÉò ÝóÅöäøó ÈóíúÚóåõ ãóÑúÏõæÏñ æóÓóãøóíú ÓóäóÉó ãöÇÆóÉò ÓóäóÉó ÇáúãõÏøóÉö¡ ÝóÊóäóÇåóì ÇáäøóÇÓõ Úóäú ÔöÑóÇÆöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÇÔúÊóÑóæúÇ ÃóÔóÑúíóÉð ßóËöíÑóÉð ßóÇäóÊú ÈöÃóíúÏöí ÃóåúáöåóÇ ÊõÄóÏøöí ÇáúÚõÔúÑó æóáóÇ ÌöÒúíóÉó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÝúÖóì ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Åáóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÑö ÑõÝöÚóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÔúÑöíóÉö Åáóíúåö¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÃóÖóÑøó ÈöÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö ÝóÃóÑóÇÏó ÑóÏøóåóÇ Åáóì ÃóåúáöåóÇ ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ: ÞóÏú æóÞóÚóÊú Ýöí ÇáúãóæóÇÑöíËö æóÇáúãõåõæÑö¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóØó ÃóãúÑõåóÇ ÝóÈóÚóËó ÇáúãõÚóÏøöáöíäó¡ ãöäúåõãú: ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ íóÒöíÏó Åáóì ÍöãúÕó¡ æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Èúäõ ÚóíøóÇÔö Åáóì ÈóÚúáóÈóßøó¡ æóåöÖóÇÈõ Èúäõ ØóæúÞò¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÒõÑóíúÞò Åáóì ÇáúÛõæØóÉö.
æóÃóãóÑóåõãú Ãóäú áóÇ íóÖóÚõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóØóÇÆöÚö æóÇáúÃóÔúÑöíóÉö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉö ÇáúÞóÏöíãóÉö ÎóÑóÇÌðÇ æóæóÖóÚõæÇ ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÈóÞöíó ÈöÃóíúÏöí ÇáúÃóäúÈóÇØö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÃóÔúÑöíóÉö ÇáúãõÍúÏóËóÉö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÓóäóÉö ãöÇÆóÉò Åáóì ÇáÓøóäóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÚõÏøöáó ÝöíåóÇ. ÝóíóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóÌúÑöíó ãóÇ ÈóÇÚóåõ ÅãóÇãñ¡ Ãóæú ÈöíÚó ÈöÅöÐúäöåö Ãóæú ÊóÚóÐøóÑó ÑóÏøõ ÈóíúÚöåö¡ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÌúÑóì¡ Ýöí Ãóäú íõÖúÑóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÎóÑóÇÌñ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íóÍúÊóãöá¡ æóíõÊúÑóßó Ýöí íóÏö ãõÔúÊóÑöíå¡ Ãóæú ãöäú ÇäúÊóÞóáó Åáóíúåö¡ ÅáøóÇ ãóÇ ÈöíÚó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö ÇáÓøóäóÉ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌó Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ äõÞöáó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóÈóÑö.

(1865) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÍõßúãõ ÅÞúØóÇÚö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Íõßúãõ ÈóíúÚöåóÇ Ýöí Ãóäøó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÚõãóÑó¡ Ãóæú ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò¡ Ýóåõæó áöÃóåúáöåö. æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ ÖõÑöÈó Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÑõ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÅÐúäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÈóÇØöáðÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑó

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ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇÆöÐò¡ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö ÚõÊúÈóÉó¡ Ãóäøó ÃóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Èúäó ãõÍóãøóÏò - ÃóÙõäøõåõ ÇáúãóäúÕõæÑó - ÓóÃóáóåõ Ýöí ãóÞúÏöãöåö ÇáÔøóÇãó¡ ÓóäóÉó ËóáóÇËò Ãóæú ÃóÑúÈóÚò æóÎóãúÓöíäó¡ Úóäú ÓóÈóÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÖöíäó ÇáøóÊöí ÈöÃóíúÏöí ÃóÈúäóÇÁ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö¡ íóÐúßõÑõæäó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóØóÇÆöÚõ áöÂÈóÇÆöåöãú ÞóÏöíãóÉñ. ÝóÞõáúÊ: íóÇ ÃóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ Åäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì áóãøóÇ ÃóÙúåóÑó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóì ÈöáóÇÏö ÇáÔøóÇãö¡ æóÕóÇáóÍõæÇ Ãóåúáó ÏöãóÔúÞ æóÃóåúáó ÍöãúÕó¡ ßóÑöåõæÇ Ãóäú íóÏúÎõáõæåóÇ Ïõæäó Ãóäú íóÊöãøó ÙõåõæÑõåõãú¡ æóÅöËúÎóÇäõåõãú Ýöí ÚóÏõæøö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÚóÓúßóÑõæÇ Ýöí ãóÑúÌö ÈóÑóÏóì¡ Èóíúäó ÇáúãöÒøóÉö Åáóì ãóÑúÌö ÔóÚúÈóÇäó¡ æóÌóäúÈóÊóíú ÈóÑóÏóì ãõÑõæÌñ ßóÇäóÊú ãõÈóÇÍóÉð ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäó Ãóåúáö ÏöãóÔúÞ æóÞõÑóÇåóÇ¡ áóíúÓóÊú áóÃóÍóÏò ãöäúåõãú¡ ÝóÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÃóæúØóÃó Çááøóåõ Èöåöãú ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÞóåúÑðÇ æóÐõáøðÇ¡ ÝóÃóÍúíóÇ ßõáøõ Þóæúãò ãóÍóáøóÊóåõãú¡ æóåóíøóÆõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÈöäóÇÁð¡ ÝóÈóáóÛó Ðóáößó ÚõãóÑó¡ ÝóÃóãúÖóÇåõ áóåõãú¡ æóÃóãúÖóÇåõ ÚõËúãóÇäõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö Åáóì æöáóÇíóÉö ÃóãöíÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó. ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÏú ÃóãúÖóíúäóÇåõ áóåõãú. æóÚóäú ÇáúÃóÍúæóÕö Èúäö Íóßöíãò¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÝóÊóÍõæÇ ÍöãúÕó áóãú íóÏúÎõáõæåóÇ¡ Èóáú ÚóÓúßóÑõæÇ Úóáóì äóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÏö¡ ÝóÃóÍúíóæúåõ¡ ÝóÃóãúÖóÇåõ áóåõãú ÚõãóÑõ æóÚõËúãóÇäõ¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ãöäúåõãú ÃõäóÇÓñ ÊóÚóÏøóæúÇ ÅÐú ÐóÇßó Åáóì ÌöÓúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÏö¡ ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóì ÈóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÓúÊóäö¡ ÝóÚóÓúßóÑõæÇ Ýöí ãóÑúÌöåö ãõÓóáøóÍóÉñ áöãóäú ÎóáúÝóåõãú ãöäú ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛóåõãú ãóÇ ÃóãúÖóÇåõ ÚõãóÑõ áöáúãõÚóÓúßöÑöíäó Úóáóì äóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÏö¡ ÓóÃóáõæÇ Ãóäú íõÔúÑößõæåõãú Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÞóØóÇÆöÚö¡ æóßóÊóÈõæÇ Åáóì ÚõãóÑó Ýöíåö¡ ÝóßóÊóÈó Ãóäú íõÚóæøóÖõæÇ ãöËúáóåõ ãöäú ÇáúãõÑõæÌö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóÓúßóÑõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÈóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÓúÊóäö¡ Ýóáóãú ÊóÒõáú Êöáúßó ÇáúÞóØóÇÆöÚõ Úóáóì ÔóÇØöÆö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÏö¡ æóÚóáóì ÈóÇÈö ÍöãúÕó¡ æóÚóáóì ÈóÇÈö ÇáÑÓÊä¡ ãóÇÖöíóÉð áöÃóåúáöåóÇ¡ áóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÊõÄóÏøöí ÇáúÚõÔúÑó. (1866) ÝóÕúáñ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãõÛöáøóÉö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓóÇßöäõ ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó ÈöÍöíóÇÒóÊöåóÇ æóÈóíúÚöåóÇ æóÔöÑóÇÆöåóÇ æóÓõßúäóÇåóÇ. ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò ãóÇ ÚóáöãúäóÇ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ßóÑöåó Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÏú ÇÞúÊóÓóãóÊú ÇáúßõæÝóÉõ ÎöØóØðÇ Ýöí Òóãóäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÈöÅöÐúäöåö¡ æóÇáúÈóÕúÑóÉõ¡ æóÓóßóäöåöãóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÔøóÇãõ æóãöÕúÑõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ ãöäú ÇáúÈõáúÏóÇäö¡ ÝóãóÇ ÚóÇÈó Ðóáößó ÃóÍóÏñ æóáóÇ ÃóäúßóÑóåõ.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãóÝúÊõæÍóÉö]
(1867) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÇáÕøõáúÍö¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ) íóÚúäöí ãóÇ ÕõæáöÍõæÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãöáúßóåõ áöÃóåúáöåö¡ æóáóäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÎóÑóÇÌñ ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌõ Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö¡ ãóÊóì ÃóÓúáóãõæÇ ÓóÞóØó Úóäúåõãú¡ æóÅöäú ÇäúÊóÞóáóÊú Åáóì ãõÓúáöãò áóãú íóßõäú Úóáóíúåöãú ÎóÑóÇÌñ¡ æóÝöí ãöËúáöåö ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÇáúÚóáóÇÁö Èúäö ÇáúÍóÖúÑóãöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÈóÚóËóäöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Åáóì ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö æóÅöáóì åóÌóÑó¡ ÝóßõäúÊ ÂÊöí ÇáúÍóÇÆöØó Êóßõæäõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöÎúæóÉö¡ íõÓúáöãõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãú¡ ÝóÂÎõÐõ ãöäú ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÇáúÚõÔúÑó¡ æóãöäú ÇáúãõÔúÑößö ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó.» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú
¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÈóáóÏóíúäöº áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÝõÊöÍóÇ ÕõáúÍðÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ßõáøõ ÃóÑúÖò ÃóÓúáóãó ÃóåúáõåóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ßóÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ Ýóåöíó ãöáúßñ áóåõãú¡ áóíúÓó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌñ æóáóÇ ÔóíúÁñ. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýóåöíó æóÇÌöÈóÉñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÚõÔúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö: ÃóÌúãóÚó ßõáøõ ãóäú äóÍúÝóÙõ Úóäúåõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÃóÑúÖò ÃóÓúáóãó ÃóåúáõåóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÞóåúÑöåöãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóåõãú¡ æóÃóäøó ÃóÍúßóÇãóåõãú ÃóÍúßóÇãõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÃóäøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÝöíãóÇ ÒóÑóÚõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó.

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[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ãóÇ ÝõÊöÍó ÚóäúæóÉð æóæõÞöÝó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóÖõÑöÈó Úóáóíúåöãú ÎóÑóÇÌñ ãóÚúáõæãñ]
(1868) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÚóäúæóÉð ÃõÏøöíó ÚóäúåóÇ ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌõ¡ æóÒõßøöíó ãóÇ ÈóÞöíó ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæóÓúÞð¡ æóßóÇäó áöãõÓúáöãò) . íóÚúäöí ãóÇ ÝõÊöÍó ÚóäúæóÉð æóæõÞöÝó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÖõÑöÈó Úóáóíúåöãú ÎóÑóÇÌñ ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÄóÏøöí ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌõ ãöäú ÛóáøóÊöåö¡ æóíõäúÙóÑõ Ýöí ÈóÇÞöíåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó äöÕóÇÈðÇ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó áöãõÓúáöãö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóÈúáõÛú äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÈóáóÛó äöÕóÇÈðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú áöãõÓúáöãö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó. æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÍõßúãõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÑúÖò ÎóÑóÇÌöíøóÉò.
æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóíóÍúíóì ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö¡ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóãõÛöíÑóÉó¡ æóÇááøóíúËö¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇÈúäö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏò. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö: áóÇ ÚõÔúÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌöíøóÉöº áöÞóæúáöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: «áóÇ íóÌúÊóãöÚõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ æóÇáúÎóÑóÇÌõ Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ãõÓúáöãò» . æóáöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÍóÞøóÇäö ÓóÈóÈóÇåõãóÇ ãõÊóäóÇÝöíóÇäö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌúÊóãöÚóÇäö¡ ßóÒóßóÇÉö ÇáÓøóæúãö æóÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚõÔúÑö¡ æóÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÞöíãóÉö. æóÈóíóÇäõ ÊóäóÇÝöíåöãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó æóÌóÈó ÚõÞõæÈóÉðº áöÃóäøóåõ ÌöÒúíóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ æóÌóÈóÊú ØõåúÑóÉð æóÔõßúÑðÇ¡ æóáóäóÇ: Þóæúáõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóãöãøóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÃóÑúÖö} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 267] æóÞóæúáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - «ÝöíãóÇ ÓóÞóÊú ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ.» æóÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäú ÚõãõæãóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö íóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóãöãøóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÃóÑúÖö} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 267] . Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: äóÊúÑõßõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó áöÞóæúáö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÍóÞøóÇäö íóÌöÈóÇäö áöãõÓúÊóÍöÞøóíúäö íóÌõæÒõ æõÌõæÈõ ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ ÝóÌóÇÒó ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚõåõãóÇ ßóÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö æóÇáúÞöíãóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøóíúÏö ÇáúÍóÑóãöíøö Çáúãóãúáõæßö¡ æóÍóÏöíËõåõãú íóÑúæöíå íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÚóäúÈóÓóÉó¡ æóåõæó ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ Ëõãøó äóÍúãöáõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÌöÒúíóÉñ.
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö: " æóßóÇäó áöãõÓúáöãö " íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ãõÓúáöãðÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÃóÑúÖöåö Óöæóì ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö. ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -: áóíúÓó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøöãøóÉö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ¡ ÅäøóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÕóÏóÞóÉð ÊõØóåøöÑõåõãú æóÊõÒóßøöíåöãú ÈöåóÇ} [ÇáÊæÈÉ: 103] . ÝóÃóíøõ ØõåúÑóÉò áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ æóÞóæúáõåõãú: Åäøó ÓóÈóÈóíúåöãóÇ íóÊóäóÇÝóíóÇäö. ÛóíúÑõ ÕóÍöíÍò.
ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó ÃõÌúÑóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÇáúÚõÔúÑõ ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáÒøóÑúÚö¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóäóÇÝóíóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÇÓúÊóÃúÌóÑó ÃóÑúÖðÇ ÝóÒóÑóÚóåóÇ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌõ ÚõÞõæÈóÉð áöãóÇ æóÌóÈó Úóáóì ãõÓúáöãò¡ ßóÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö. .

[ÝóÕúáõ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÛóáøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÇ áóÇ ÚõÔúÑó Ýöíåö]
(1869) ÝóÕúáñ: ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÛóáøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÇ áóÇ ÚõÔúÑó Ýöíåö¡ ßóÇáËøöãóÇÑö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÎóÖúÑóÇæóÇÊö¡ æóÝöíåóÇ ÒóÑúÚñ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÌõÚöáó ãóÇ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö¡ æóÒõßøöíó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÇ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö æóÇÝöíðÇ ÈöÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö. æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú áóåóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÅáøóÇ ãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÃõÏøöíó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌõ ãöäú ÛóáøóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÒõßøöíó ãóÇ ÈóÞöíó.
æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö.

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Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ Úóäú ÅÈúÑóÇåöíãó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÚóÈúáóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: ßóÊóÈó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Åáóì ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÚóæúÝò ÚóÇãöáöåö Úóáóì ÝöáóÓúØöíäó¡ Ýöí ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí íóÏöåö ÃóÑúÖñ íóÍúÑõËåóÇ ãöäú ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ Ãóäú íóÞúÈöÖó ãöäúåóÇ ÌöÒúíóÊóåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúÎõÐó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ãóÇ ÈóÞöíó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÚóÈúáóÉó: ÃóäóÇ ÇõÈúÊõáöíÊ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóãöäøöí ÃóÎóÐõæÇ Ðóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó ãöäú ãõÄúäóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóíõãúäóÚõ æõÌõæÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí ÞóÏúÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ãóäú ÇÓúÊóÏóÇäó ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞó Úóáóì ÒóÑúÚöåö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóÇäó ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞó Úóáóì Ãóåúáöåö¡ ÇÍúÊóÓóÈó ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞó Úóáóì ÒóÑúÚöåö Ïõæäó ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞó Úóáóì Ãóåúáöåö. áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ãõÄúäóÉö ÇáÒøóÑúÚö. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò.
æóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚõãóÑó: íóÍúÊóÓöÈõ ÈöÇáÏøóíúäóíúäö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ Ëõãøó íõÎúÑöÌõ ãöãøóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõãóÇ. æóÍõßöíó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóíúäó ßõáøóåõ íóãúäóÚõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáÙøóÇåöÑóÉö. ÝóÚóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö íóÍúÓöÈõ ßõáøó Ïóíúäò Úóáóíúåö¡ Ëõãøó íõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑó ãöãøóÇ ÈóÞöíó Åäøó ÈóáóÛó äöÕóÇÈðÇ.
æóÅöäú áóãú íóÈúáõÛú äöÕóÇÈðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÚõÔúÑó Ýöíåöº æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó ÒóßóÇÉñ¡ ÝóãóäóÚó ÇáÏøóíúäõ æõÌõæÈóåóÇ¡ ßóÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáúÈóÇØöäóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ Ïóíúäñ¡ ÝóãóäóÚó æõÌõæÈó ÇáúÚõÔúÑö¡ ßóÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö¡ æóãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞóåõ Úóáóì ÒóÑúÚöåö. æóÇáúÝóÑúÞõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ãõÄúäóÉö ÇáÒøóÑúÚö¡ ÝóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈóáóÊöåö íóÌöÈõ ÕóÑúÝõåõ Åáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÍúÕõáú.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÇÓúÊóÃúÌóÑó ÃóÑúÖðÇ ÝóÒóÑóÚóåóÇ ÝóãóÇ Íõßúã ÒóßóÇÊåóÇ]
(1870) ÝóÕúáñ: æóãóäú ÇÓúÊóÃúÌóÑó ÃóÑúÖðÇ ÝóÒóÑóÚóåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÚõÔúÑõ Úóáóíúåö Ïõæäó ãóÇáößö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÔóÑöíßñ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: åõæó Úóáóì ãóÇáöß ÇáúÃóÑúÖöº áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ãõÄúäóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌó.
æóáóäóÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ æóÇÌöÈñ Ýöí ÇáÒøóÑúÚö¡ ÝóßóÇäó Úóáóì ãóÇáößöåö¡ ßóÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÞöíãóÉö ÝöíãóÇ ÅÐóÇ ÃóÚóÏøóåõ áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ æóßóÚõÔúÑö ÒóÑúÚöåö Ýöí ãöáúßöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Þóæúáõåõãú: Åäøóåõ ãöäú ãõÄúäóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó ãöäú ãõÄúäóÊöåóÇ áóæóÌóÈó ÝöíåóÇ æóÅöäú áóãú ÊõÒúÑóÚú¡ ßóÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö¡ æóáóæóÌóÈó Úóáóì ÇáÐøöãøöíøö ßóÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö¡ æóáúÊõÞóÏøóÑú ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÇ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáÒøóÑúÚö¡ æóáóæóÌóÈó ÕóÑúÝõåõ Åáóì ãóÕóÇÑöÝö ÇáúÝóíúÁö Ïõæäó ãóÕúÑöÝö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö. æóáóæú ÇÓúÊóÚóÇÑó ÃóÑúÖðÇ ÝóÒóÑóÚóåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáÒøóÑúÚöº áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇáößõåõ.
æóÅöäú ÛóÕóÈóåóÇ ÝóÒóÑóÚóåóÇ æóÃóÎóÐó ÇáÒøóÑúÚó¡ ÝóÇáúÚõÔúÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðǺ áöÃóäøóåõ ËóÈóÊó Úóáóì ãöáúßöåö. æóÅöäú ÃóÎóÐóåõ ãóÇáößõåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇÔúÊöÏóÇÏö ÍóÈøöåö¡ ÝóÇáúÚõÔúÑõ Úóáóíúåö. æóÅöäú ÃóÎóÐóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó¡ ÇÍúÊóãóáó Ãóäú íóÌöÈó Úóáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðǺ áöÃóäøó ÃóÎúÐóåõ ÅíøóÇåõ ÇÓúÊóäóÏó Åáóì Ãóæøóáö ÒóÑúÚöåö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ ÃóÎóÐóåõ ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáö. æóíóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÒóßóÇÊõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÛóÇÕöÈöº áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãöáúßðÇ áóåõ Íöíäó æõÌõæÈö ÚõÔúÑöåö¡ æóåõæó Íöíäó ÇÔúÊöÏóÇÏö ÍóÈøöåö. æóÅöäú ÒóÇÑóÚó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãõÒóÇÑöÚóÉð ÝóÇÓöÏóÉð¡ ÝóÇáúÚõÔúÑõ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÌöÈõ ÇáÒøóÑúÚõ áóåõ.
æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÕóÍöíÍóÉð¡ ÝóÚóáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÚõÔúÑõ ÍöÕøóÊöåö. æóÅöäú ÈóáóÛóÊú ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæóÓúÞð¡ Ãóæú ßóÇäó áóåõ ãöäú ÇáÒøóÑúÚö ãóÇ íóÈúáõÛõ ÈöÖóãøöåö ÅáóíúåóÇ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÚõÔúÑó Úóáóíúåö. æóÅöäú ÈóáóÛóÊú ÍöÕøóÉõ ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Ïõæäó ÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈó¡ ÝóÚóáóì ãóäú ÈóáóÛóÊú

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ÍöÕøóÊõåõ ÇáäøöÕóÇÈó ÚõÔúÑõåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÔóíúÁó Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎõáúØóÉó áóÇ ÊõÄóËøöÑõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö¡ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö.
æóäõÞöáó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÄóËøöÑõ¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõåõãóÇ ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ ÅÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÇáÒøóÑúÚõ ÌóãöíÚõåõ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò¡ æóíõÎúÑöÌõ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÚõÔúÑó äóÕöíÈöåö¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ãöãøóäú áóÇ ÚõÔúÑó Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóÇáúãõßóÇÊóÈö æóÇáÐøöãøöíøöº ÝóáóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÔóÑöíßóåõ ÚõÔúÑñ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÈúáõÛó ÍöÕøóÊõåõ äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÍõßúãõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓóÇÞóÇÉö.

[ÝóÕúáõ Íõßúã ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÇáøóÐöí íõÄóÇÌöÑõ ÃóÑúÖó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö ãöäú ÇáÐøöãøöíøö]
(1871) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíõßúÑóåõ áöáúãõÓúáöãö ÈóíúÚõ ÃóÑúÖöåö ãöäú Ðöãøöíøò æóÅöÌóÇÑóÊõåóÇ ãöäúåõº áöÅöÝúÖóÇÆöåö Åáóì ÅÓúÞóÇØö ÚõÔúÑö ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌö ãöäúåóÇ. ÞóÇáó ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ãõæÓóì: ÓóÃóáúÊ ÃóÈóÇ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ Úóäú ÇáúãõÓúáöãö íõÄóÇÌöÑõ ÃóÑúÖó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌö ãöäú ÇáÐøöãøöíøö¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ íõÄóÇÌöÑõ ãöäú ÇáÐøöãøöíøö¡ ÅäøóãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÖóÑóÑñ. æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: áöÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÄóÏøõæäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó. ÝóÅöäú ÂÌóÑóåóÇ ãöäúåõ Ðöãøöíøñ¡ Ãóæú ÈóÇÚó ÃóÑúÖóåõ ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÐöãøöíøðÇ¡ ÕóÍøó ÇáúÈóíúÚõ æóÇáúÅöÌóÇÑóÉõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÔóÑöíßò¡ æóÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúåöãú ÝöíåóÇ ÚõÔúÑñ æóáóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌñ. ÞóÇáó ÍóÑúÈñ: ÓóÃóáúÊõ ÃóÍúãóÏó Úóäú ÇáÐøöãøöíøö íóÔúÊóÑöí ÃóÑúÖó ÇáúÚõÔúÑö¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ Úóáóíúåö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ÅäøóãóÇ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ ßóåóíúÆóÉö ãóÇáö ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí áóíúÓó Úóáóíúåö. æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö íóÞõæáõæäó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÞóæúáðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ¡ íóÞõæáõæäó: áóÇ äóÊúÑõßõ ÇáÐøöãøöíøó íóÔúÊóÑöí ÃóÑúÖó ÇáúÚõÔúÑö. æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑóÉö íóÞõæáõæäó ÞóæúáðÇ ÚóÌöíÈðÇ. íóÞõæáõæäó: íõÖóÇÚóÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó: Ãóäøóåõãú íõãúäóÚõæäó ãöäú ÔöÑóÇÆöåóÇ. ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåóÇ ÇáúÎóáøóÇáõ æóÕóÇÍöÈõåõ. æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÕóÇÍöÈöåö. ÝóÅöäú ÇÔúÊóÑóæúåóÇ ÖõæÚöÝó Úóáóíúåöãú ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ¡ æóÃõÎöÐó ãöäúåõãú ÇáúÎõãúÓõº áöÃóäøó Ýöí ÅÓúÞóÇØö ÇáúÚõÔúÑö ãöäú ÛóáøóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅÖúÑóÇÑðÇ ÈöÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö¡ æóÊóÞúáöíáðÇ áöÍóÞøöåöãú¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÚúÑöÖõæÇ áöÐóáößó ÖõæÚöÝó Úóáóíúåöãú ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÇÊøóÌóÑõæÇ ÈöÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú Åáóì ÛóíúÑö ÈóáóÏöåöãú¡ ÖõæÚöÝóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÝóÃõÎöÐó ãöäúåõãú äöÕúÝõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö.
æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóÕúÑóÉö¡ æóÃóÈöí íõæÓõÝó. æóíõÑúæóì Ðóáößó Úóäú ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÚõÈóíúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÚóäúÈóÑöíøö. æóÞóÇáó ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö: ÇáúÚõÔúÑõ ÈöÍóÇáöåö. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: ÊóÕöíÑõ ÃóÑúÖó ÎóÑóÇÌò. æóáóäóÇ¡ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÃóÑúÖñ áóÇ ÎóÑóÇÌó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÎóÑóÇÌõ ÈöÈóíúÚöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÈóÇÚóåóÇ ãõÓúáöãðÇ¡ æóáöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÇáõ ãõÓúáöãò íóÌöÈú ÇáúÍóÞøõ Ýöíåö áöáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö Úóáóíúåö¡ Ýóáóãú íõãúäóÚú ãöäú ÈóíúÚöåö áöáÐøöãøöíøö ßóÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ãóáóßóåóÇ ÇáÐøöãøöíøõ ÝóáóÇ ÚõÔúÑó Úóáóíúåö ÝöíãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåóǺ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÒóßóÇÉñ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáÐøöãøöíøö¡ ßóÒóßóÇÉö ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ íóÈúØõáõ ÈöÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉöº ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÐøöãøöíøó íóÕöÍøõ Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑöíóåóÇ¡ æóÊóÓúÞõØõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑõæåõ ãöäú ÊóÖúÚöíÝö ÇáúÚõÔúÑö¡ ÊóÍóßøõãñ áóÇ äóÕøó Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ ÞöíóÇÓó.

[ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÊõÖóãøõ ÇáúÍöäúØóÉõ Åáóì ÇáÔøóÚöíÑö æóÊõÒóßøóíú ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò]
(1872) ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÞóÇáó: (æóÊõÖóãøõ ÇáúÍöäúØóÉõ Åáóì ÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÊõÒóßøóì ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÞöØúäöíøóÇÊõ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÐøóåóÈõ æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ) ¡ æóÚóäú ÃóÈöí ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÖóãøõ¡ æóÊõÎúÑóÌõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÕöäúÝò Åäú ßóÇäó ãóäúÕöÈðÇ áöáÒøóßóÇÉö.

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ÇáúÞöØúäöíøóÇÊõ¡ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÞóÇÝö: ÌóãúÚõ ÞöØúäöíøóÉòº æóíõÌúãóÚõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÞóØóÇäöíøõ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: åöíó ÕõäõæÝõ ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö¡ ãöäú ÇáúÚóÏóÓö¡ æóÇáúÍöãøóÕö¡ æóÇáúÃõÑúÒö¡ æóÇáúÌõáõÈøóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÌõáúÌõáóÇäö - íóÚúäöí ÇáÓøöãúÓöãó - æóÒóÇÏó ÛóíúÑõåõ: ÇáÏøõÎúäó¡ æóÇááøõæÈöíóÇ¡ æóÇáúÝõæáó¡ æóÇáúãóÇÔó. æóÓõãøöíóÊú ÞöØúäöíøóÉð¡ ÝöÚúáöíøóÉñ¡ ãöäú ÞóØóäó íóÞúØõäõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ Ãóíú íóãúßõËõ Ýöíåö. æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÌöäúÓñ Åáóì ÌöäúÓò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö. ÝóÇáúãóÇÔöíóÉõ ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÌúäóÇÓò: ÇáúÅöÈöáõ¡ æóÇáúÈóÞóÑõ¡ æóÇáúÛóäóãõ¡ áóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÌöäúÓñ ãöäúåóÇ Åáóì ÂÎóÑó.
æóÇáËøöãóÇÑõ áóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÌöäúÓñ Åáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÇáÊøóãúÑõ Åáóì ÇáÒøóÈöíÈö¡ æóáóÇ Åáóì ÇááøóæúÒö¡ æóÇáúÝõÓúÊõÞö¡ æóÇáúÈõäúÏõÞö æóáóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú åóÐöåö Åáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊõÖóãøõ ÇáúÃóËúãóÇÑõ Åáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ãöäú ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö. æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäóåõãú¡ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÃóäúæóÇÚó ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö íõÖóãøõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÅßúãóÇáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö. æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäóåõãú ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõÑõæÖó ÊõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö¡ æóÊõÖóãøõ ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäõ ÅáóíúåóÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøó áóÇ íóÖõãøõåóÇ ÅáøóÇ Åáóì ÌöäúÓö ãóÇ ÇõÔúÊõÑöíóÊú Èöåö¡ áöÃóäøó äöÕóÇÈóåóÇ ãõÚúÊóÈóÑñ Èöåö.
æóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí Öóãøö ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóÝöí Öóãøö ÃóÍóÏö ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ÝóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó Ýöí ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö ËóáóÇËõ ÑöæóÇíóÇÊòº ÅÍúÏóÇåõäøó¡ áóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÌöäúÓñ ãöäúåóÇ Åáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóíõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÌöäúÓò ãöäúåóÇ ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÚóØóÇÁò¡ æóãóßúÍõæáò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÔóÑöíßò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏò æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÃúíöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÌúäóÇÓñ¡ ÝóÇÚúÊõÈöÑó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÌöäúÓò ãöäúåóÇ ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ¡ ßóÇáËøöãóÇÑö ÃóíúÖðÇ æóÇáúãóæóÇÔöí. æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍõÈõæÈó ßõáøóåóÇ ÊõÖóãøõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö.
ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ æóÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö Úóäú ØóÇæõÓñ. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãöäú ÇáúãóÇÖöíäó ÌóãóÚó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÅáøóÇ ÚößúÑöãóÉó. æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÍóÈøò æóáóÇ ËóãóÑò ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò» æóãóÝúåõæãõåõ æõÌõæÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöíåö ÅÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóæúÓõÞò. æóáöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÊøóÝöÞõ Ýöí ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö æóÞóÏúÑö ÇáúãõÎúÑóÌö¡ æóÇáúãóäúÈöÊö æóÇáúÍóÕóÇÏö¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó Öóãøõ ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ ßóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÌöäúÓö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ãõäúÊóÞöÖñ ÈöÇáËøöãóÇÑö. æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍöäúØóÉó ÊõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÊõÖóãøõ ÇáúÞöØúäöíøóÇÊõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò. äóÞóáóåóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö¡ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÍóßóÇåóÇ ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ. æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇááøóíúËö¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÒóÇÏó¡

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ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇáÓøõáúÊõ¡ æóÇáÐøõÑóÉõ¡ æóÇáÏøõÎúäõ¡ æóÇáúÃõÑúÒõ¡ æóÇáúÞóãúÍõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑõ¡ ÕöäúÝñ æóÇÍöÏñ æóáóÚóáøóåõ íóÍúÊóÌøõ ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ßõáøóåõ ãõÞúÊóÇÊñ¡ ÝóíõÖóãøõ ÈóÚúÖõåõ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ ßóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ: ÊõÖóãøõ ÇáúÍöäúØóÉõ Åáóì ÇáÔøóÚöíÑöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÊøóÝöÞõ Ýöí ÇáöÇÞúÊöíóÇÊö æóÇáúãóäúÈóÊö æóÇáúÍóÕóÇÏö æóÇáúãóäóÇÝöÚö¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó ÖóãøõåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÇáúÚóáóÓõ Åáóì ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö¡ æóÃóäúæóÇÚõ ÇáúÌöäúÓö ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò.
æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì Ãóæúáóì¡ Åäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóìº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÌúäóÇÓñ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáÊøóÝóÇÖõáõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ýóáóãú íõÖóãøõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò ßóÇáËøöãóÇÑö. æóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóáóÓö ãóÚó ÇáúÍöäúØóÉöº áöÃóäøóåõ äóæúÚñ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÌöäúÓöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóäúæóÇÚó ßõáøóåóÇ ÌöäúÓñ æóÇÍöÏñ íóÍúÑõãõ ÇáÊøóÝóÇÖõáõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóËóÈóÊó Íõßúãõ ÇáúÌöäúÓö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚöåóÇ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö. æóÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÞóØóÚó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ¡ áóãú íóÌõÒú ÅíÌóÇÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÈöÇáÊøóÍóßøõãö¡ æóáóÇ ÈöæóÕúÝò ÛóíúÑö ãõÚúÊóÈóÑò¡ Ëõãøó åõæó ÈóÇØöáñ ÈöÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÊøóÝöÞõ ÝöíãóÇ ÐóßóÑõæåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ ÝóãóÇ áóãú íóÑöÏú ÈöÇáúÅöíÌóÇÈö äóÕøñ Ãóæú ÅÌúãóÇÚñ Ãóæú ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ¡ áóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ ÅíÌóÇÈõåõ¡ æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó ÝöíãóÇ äóÚúáóãõåõ Ýöí Öóãøö ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö Åáóì ÇáúÚóáóÓöº áöÃóäøóåõ äóæúÚñ ãöäúåóÇ. æóÚóáóì ÞöíóÇÓöåö ÇáÓøõáúÊõ íõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáÔøóÚöíÑöº áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäúåõ. (1873) ÝóÕúáñ: æóáóÇ ÊóÝúÑöíÚó Úóáóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö ÇáúÃõæáóíóíúäöº áöæõÖõæÍöåöãóÇ. ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ¡ æóåöíó Öóãøõ ÇáúÍöäúØóÉö Åáóì ÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÇáúÞöØúäöíøóÇÊõ ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÐøõÑóÉó ÊõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáÏøõÎúäö¡ áöÊóÞóÇÑõÈöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÞúÕöÏö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãóÇ íõÊøóÎóÐóÇäö ÎõÈúÒðÇ æóÃõÏúãðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑóÇ ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ÇáúÞöØúäöíøóÇÊö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÝóíóÖõãøóÇäö ÅáóíúåóÇ. æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÈõÒõæÑõ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáúÞöØúäöíøóÇÊö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÃóÈóÇÒöíÑó íõÖóãøõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖòº áöÊóÞóÇÑõÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÞúÕöÏö¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåóÊú ÇáúÞöØúäöíøóÇÊö.
æóÍõÈõæÈõ ÇáúÈõÞõæáö áóÇ ÊõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáúÞöØúäöíøóÇÊö¡ æóáóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÈõÒõæÑö¡ ÝóãóÇ ÊóÞóÇÑóÈó ãöäúåóÇ Öõãøó ÈóÚúÖõåõ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóãóÇ áóÇ ÝóáóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÔóßóßúäóÇ Ýöíåö áóÇ íõÖóãøõº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÈöÇáÔøóßøö¡ æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ (1874) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö Ýöí Öóãøö ÇáÐøóåóÈö Åáóì ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÑöæóÇíóÊóíúäö. æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõãóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ãóÖóì¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåö ÇáÖøóãøó Ýöí ÇáúÍõÈõæÈöº áöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö äöÕóÇÈöåöãóÇ¡ æóÇÊøöÝóÇÞö äöÕóÇÈö ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö. .

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[ÝóÕúáõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÊõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÌöäúÓò Úóáóì ÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íóÎõÕøõåõ æóáóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú ÌöäúÓò Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö]
(1875) ÝóÕúáñ: æóãóÊóì ÞõáúäóÇ ÈöÇáÖøóãøö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÊõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÌöäúÓò Úóáóì ÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íóÎõÕøõåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú ÌöäúÓò Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóäóÇ ÅÐóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ Ýöí ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÌöäúÓö: íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú ßõáøö äóæúÚò ãóÇ íóÎõÕøõåõ. ÝóÃóæúáóì Ãóäú íõÚúÊóÏøó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉö¡ ãóÚó ÊóÝóÇæõÊö ãóÞóÇÕöÏåóÇ¡ ÅáøóÇ ÇáÐøóåóÈó æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉó¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ýöí ÅÎúÑóÇÌö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Úóäú ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÑöæóÇíóÊóíúäö.

[ÝóÕúáõ íõÖóãøõ ÒóÑúÚõ ÇáúÚóÇãö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÈóÚúÖõåõ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö]
(1876) ÝóÕúáñ: æóíõÖóãøõ ÒóÑúÚõ ÇáúÚóÇãö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÈóÚúÖõåõ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÇÊøóÝóÞó æóÞúÊõ ÒóÑúÚöåö æóÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö¡ Ãóæú ÇÎúÊóáóÝó. æóáóæú ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ ÕóíúÝöíøñ æóÑóÈöíÚöíøñ¡ Öõãøó ÇáÕøóíúÝöíøõ Åáóì ÇáÑøóÈöíÚöíøö. æóáóæú ÍóÕóÏúÊ ÇáÐøõÑóÉó æóÇáÏøõÎúäó¡ Ëõãøó äóÈóÊó ÃõÕõæáõåõãóÇ íõÖóãøõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó ÒóÑúÚõ ÚóÇãò æóÇÍöÏò¡ ÝóÖõãøó ÈóÚúÖõåõ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÊóÞóÇÑóÈó ÒóÑúÚõåõ æóÅöÏúÑóÇßõåõ.

[ÝóÕúáõ ÊõÖóãøõ ËóãóÑóÉõ ÇáúÚóÇãö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí Êóßúãöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö]
(1877) ÝóÕúáñ: æóÊõÖóãøõ ËóãóÑóÉõ ÇáúÚóÇãö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÇÊøóÝóÞó æóÞúÊõ ÅØúáóÇÚöåóÇ æóÅöÏúÑóÇßöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú ÇÎúÊóáóÝó¡ ÝóíõÞóÏøóãõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí Ðóáößó. æóáóæú Ãóäøó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó ÌõÐøóÊú Ëõãøó ÃóØúáóÚóÊú ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì æóÌõÐøóÊú¡ ÖõãøóÊú ÅÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì. ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóåõ äóÎúáñ íóÍúãöáõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóäóÉö Íóãúáóíúäö¡ Öõãøó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: áóÇ íõÖóãøõ.
æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøöº áöÃóäøóåõ Íóãóáñ íóäúÝóÕöáõ Úóäú ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ ÝóßóÇäó Íõßúãõåõ Íõßúãó Íóãúáö ÚóÇãò ÂÎóÑó. æóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóåõ äóÎúáñ íóÍúãöáõ ãóÑøóÉð¡ æóäóÎúáñ íóÍúãöáõ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ ÖóãóãúäóÇ ÇáúÍóãúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó Åáóì ÇáúÍóãúáö ÇáúãõäúÝóÑöÏö¡ æóáóãú íóÌöÈú Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöí ÔóíúÁñ¡ ÅáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÈúáõÛó ÈöãõÝúÑóÏöåö äöÕóÇÈðÇ. æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøó ÃóÍóÏó ÇáúÍóãúáóíúäö íõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö. ÐóßóÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÞöíáòº áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ËóãóÑóÉõ ÚóÇãò æóÇÍöÏò¡ ÝóíõÖóãøõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ ßóÒóÑúÚö ÇáúÚóÇãö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ æóßóÇáÐøõÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõäúÈöÊõ¡ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóãúáó ÇáËøóÇäöí íõÖóãøõ Åáóì ÇáúÍóãúáö ÇáúãõäúÝóÑöÏö áóæú áóãú íóßõäú Íóãúáñ Ãóæøóáõ¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó ÅÐóÇ ßóÇäó¡ ÝóÅöäøó æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÍóãúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö áóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóÇäöÚðÇ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Íóãóáö ÇáÐøõÑóÉö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ãöäú ÇáöÇäúÝöÕóÇáö íóÈúØõáõ ÈöÇáÐøõÑóÉö.
æóÇóááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöÇáÕøóæóÇÈö.

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